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Acıbadem Health Group opened Acıbadem Kayseri Hospital in 2009 after restoring the building, which was a hospital opened in 1924 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Operating in Kayseri, one of the central cities of Turkey, the hospital welcomes many patients due to its location.
With a 22,000 square meter enclosed area, Acıbadem Kayseri Hospital has a capacity of 104 beds, 28 intensive care beds and 6 operating rooms. As in other Acıbadem Group hospitals, the hospital utilizes state-of-the-art medical equipment. For example; Trilogy device, Excimer Laser, DSA Digital Angiography, Femtosecond Laser and Ultrasonography etc.
Caring about the comfort of patients and their relatives, the hospital provides healthcare services with 24/7 sterilization and cleaning services. In addition, the hospital offers consultation service to patients, which ensures international communication and coordination. The hospital cares about accommodation both inside and outside the hospital and has various types of rooms in the hospital as well as a team that organizes accommodation outside the hospital.
Acıbadem Kayseri Hospital, like all Acıbadem Group Hospitals, is one of the leading hospitals in the field of healthcare with advanced technology and expert medical doctors.
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Anesthesiology 5 Services
Epidural Pain Relief
An epidural is used for giving pain relief. It can be used during surgery to supplement a general anaesthetic, and it is continued after the operation for pain control. The nerves to your lower back pass through an area in your back close to your spine, called the 'epidural space'.
Pain Treatment
Pain medicines. physical therapies (such as heat or cold packs, massage, hydrotherapy and exercise) psychological therapies (such as cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques and meditation) mind and body techniques (such as acupuncture)
Sedation
Sedation is when drugs are given to help you feel more relaxed during a procedure. The drugs (sedatives) are usually given into your vein (intravenous or IV), but can sometimes be given by mouth (oral) or through a face mask.
Anesthetics Consultation
An anesthesia consultation, also called a pre-surgical anesthesia assessment, is a meeting between a patient and an anesthesiologist before a medical or surgical procedure.
Anesthesia
Anesthesia is the use of drugs to make surgery and other procedures painless. Anesthetics are the name for these kinds of drugs. They can be given through an injection, an inhaler, a lotion, a spray, eye drops, or a skin patch. They make it hard for you to feel or be aware of things.
Allergology 2 Services
Allergology Consultation
An allergy consultation is a meeting with an allergist or immunologist. It could be a first meeting or a follow-up meeting. It is recommended for people who have allergy symptoms or are at risk and need treatment to keep them from getting sick.
Allergy Testing
Allergy testing finds allergens that can cause allergies, such as mold, pet dander, bee stings, and peanuts. During a skin prick test, an allergen is injected into your skin to see if it causes a wheal, rash, or other reaction. IgE antibodies can be looked for in the blood.
Bariatric Surgery 9 Services
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS)
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is a type of surgery to cause weight loss. It's also known as the duodenal switch. This type of bariatric surgery changes the size of your stomach and the length of your small intestine. It limits how much food you can eat, digest, and absorb.
Gastric Balloon Treatment
Intragastric balloon placement is a weight-loss procedure that involves placing a saline-filled silicone balloon in your stomach. This helps you lose weight by limiting how much you can eat and making you feel fuller faster.
Gastric Band Surgery
Gastric band surgery is a common type of weight-loss (bariatric) surgery for people who are very overweight or severely obese. It involves putting an adjustable band around the top part of your stomach, so you can't eat as much.
Gastric Bypass Surgery
Gastric bypass is surgery that helps you lose weight by changing how your stomach and small intestine handle the food you eat. After the surgery, your stomach will be smaller. You will feel full with less food. The food you eat will no longer go into some parts of your stomach and small intestine that absorb food.
Gastric Plication
Gastric plication is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure in which the stomach is folded in on itself and sutured (stitched) to make it smaller and shorter. This procedure reduces the amount of food your stomach can hold and helps you feel full faster and stay full longer.
Gastric Sleeve
Gastric sleeve surgery is a type of weight-loss surgery. Weight-loss surgery is also called bariatric surgery. This surgery also known as sleeve gastrectomy or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Gastric sleeve surgery restricts your food intake, which leads to weight loss. You may lose from 50 to 90 pounds.
Mini Gastric Bypass
The Mini Gastric Bypass (MGB) is a short, simple, successful, reversible laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss surgery. It has been recently renamed as One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass. The operation usually takes shorter time, with lesser or similar hospital stay as regular bypass.
POSE Procedure (Primary Obesity Surgery - Endolumenal)
Primary obesity surgery endoluminal (POSE) is an endoscopic technique that in- volves placement of a gastric transmural plications in the fundus and pre-antral area to trigger earlier physiologic feedback of fullness and less hunger.
Bariatric Surgery Consultation
In order to assist you in losing weight, bariatric surgery, which includes the weight-loss procedures gastric bypass and other weight-loss treatments, involves making modifications to your digestive system.
Neurosurgery 24 Services
Brachial Plexus Injury Treatment
Your doctor may recommend physical therapy to keep your joints and muscles working properly, maintain range of motion, and prevent stiff joints. Surgery to repair brachial plexus nerves should generally occur within six months after the injury. Surgeries that occur later than that have lower success rates.
Brain Aneurysm Repair
Brain aneurysms can be treated using surgery if they have burst (ruptured) or there's a risk they will. Preventative surgery is usually only recommended if there's a high risk of a rupture. This is because surgery has its own risk of potentially serious complications, such as brain damage or stroke.
Brain Tumor Surgery
To remove a brain tumor, a neurosurgeon makes an opening in the skull. This operation is called a craniotomy. Whenever possible, the surgeon attempts to remove the entire tumor. If the tumor cannot be completely removed without damaging vital brain tissue, your doctor may remove as much of the tumor as possible.
Chiari Malformation Treatment
Surgery. The main operation for Chiari malformation is called decompression surgery. Under general anaesthetic a cut is made at the back of your head and the surgeon removes a small piece of bone from the base of your skull. They may also remove a small piece of bone from the top of your spine.
Cranioplasty
Cranioplasty is a surgical operation on the repairing of cranial defects caused by previous injuries or operations, such as decompressive craniectomy. It is performed by filling the defective area with a range of materials, usually a bone piece from the patient or a synthetic material.
Craniosynostosis Treatment
Treatments. Many types of craniosynostosis require surgery. The surgical procedure is meant to relieve pressure on the brain, correct the craniosynostosis, and allow the brain to grow properly. When needed, a surgical procedure is usually performed during the first year of life.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain. Specialized tools are used to remove the section of bone called the bone flap. The bone flap is temporarily removed, then replaced after the brain surgery has been done.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Surgery
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgical procedure that uses implanted electrodes and electrical stimulation to treat movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor, dystonia and other neurological conditions.
Duraplasty
Duraplasty is a type of repair or expansion of dura (the outer covering of the brain) when it has been cut open during surgery. It is often closed with another compatible soft tissue material taken from another part of the body.
Epidural Hematoma (EDH) Surgery
An epidural hematoma (EDH) is an extra-axial collection of blood within the potential space between the outer layer of the dura mater and the inner table of the skull. It is confined by the lateral sutures (especially the coronal sutures) where the dura inserts.
Epilepsy Surgery
Epilepsy surgery is a procedure that removes an area of the brain where seizures occur. Epilepsy surgery is most effective when seizures always occur in a single location in the brain.
Glial Tumor Removal
The initial optimal treatment for most gliomas is maximal surgical removal. For patients with higher grade gliomas, surgery is followed by radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Fortunately, most gliomas can be surgically removed through one of several keyhole routes depending upon tumor location and size.
Hydrocephalus Treatment
Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain. The excess fluid increases the size of the ventricles and puts pressure on the brain. Cerebrospinal fluid normally flows through the ventricles and bathes the brain and spinal column.
Microvascular Decompression (MVD)
Microvascular decompression (MVD) is a surgical treatment designed to treat facial pain or facial spasm that is not helped by other medical therapies. MVD is a microsurgical procedure, meaning the neurosurgeon uses an operating microscope and fine instruments to operate on the delicate blood vessels and nerves.
Neurorrhaphy
Neurorrhaphy is the surgical suturing of a divided nerve
Neurosurgery Consultation
It is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of of patients with injury to, or diseases/disorders of the brain, spinal cord and spinal column, and peripheral nerves within all parts of the body.
Pediatric Neurosurgery
Pediatric Neurosurgery is a subspecialty of neurosurgery; which includes surgical procedures that are related to the nervous system, brain and spinal cord; that treats children with operable neurological disorders.
Peripheral Nerve Surgery
Peripheral nerve surgery is used to improve function and minimize pain and disability in people with peripheral nerve disorders, such as acute nerve injuries, entrapment neuropathies, and nerve sheath tumors. It involves rerouting healthy nerves to take over the function of the nerves affected by your injury, disease, or condition.
Pituitary Gland Tumor Removal
This is the most common way to remove pituitary tumors. Transsphenoidal means that the surgery is done through the sphenoid sinus, a hollow space in the skull behind the nasal passages and below the brain. The back wall of the sinus covers the pituitary gland.
Skull Base Surgery
Skull base surgery is a specialized type of surgery that focuses on treating conditions at the base of the skull. This includes areas like the undersurface of the brain and important nerves and vessels that exit out of the brain to support senses such as sight, smell, and hearing.
Skull Fracture Treatment
A skull fracture is a head injury where there is a break in the skull bone. While mild breaks can cause few problems and heal over time, severe breaks can lead to complications including bleeding, brain damage, leaking of cerebrospinal fluid, infection and seizures.
Subarachnoid Hematoma (SAH) Treatment
A subarachnoid haemorrhage is most often caused by a burst blood vessel in the brain (a ruptured brain aneurysm). A brain aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall, usually at a point where the vessel branches off.
Subdural Hematoma (SDH) Surgery
A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a common neurosurgical disorder that often requires surgical intervention. It is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs beneath the dura (essentially, a collection of blood over the surface of the brain) and may be associated with other brain injuries (see the images below).
Acoustic Neuroma Treatment
The Schwann cells that surround this nerve are often where the acoustic neuroma begins, and it either develops very slowly or does not grow at all. In very rare cases, it may develop fast to the point that it begins to push on the brain and disrupt the normal functioning of important organs. Acoustic neuromas may be treated in a number of ways, including frequent monitoring, radiation therapy, and surgical excision.
Infectious Diseases 4 Services
Hepatitis C Treatment
Hepatitis C is treated using direct-acting antiviral (DAA) tablets. DAA tablets are the safest and most effective medicines for treating hepatitis C. They're highly effective at clearing the infection in more than 90% of people. The tablets are taken for 8 to 12 weeks.
Hepatitis Consultation
Consultation with a gastroenterologist and hepatologist is recommended in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Consultation with a psychiatrist may be helpful before and during treatment in patients at risk of depression or other psychiatric illnesses.
HIV Consultation
HIV counselling is a confidential dialogue between a client and a counsellor aimed at enabling the client to cope with stress and take personal decisions related to HIV/AIDS. The counselling process includes evaluating the personal risk of HIV transmission, and discussing how to prevent infection.
Infectious Diseases Consultation
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.
Internal Medicine 1 Services
Internal Medicine Consultation
Internal medicine is a medical specialty in which physicians apply scientific knowledge and clinical expertise to diagnose and treat adults with a very broad range of health concerns and diseases. Physicians who specialize in internal medicine are called internists or general internists.
Vascular Surgery 20 Services
Carotid Artery Dissection Treatment
First-line treatment for cervical artery dissection usually is antiplatelet agents (such as aspirin) or anti-coagulation to prevent the formation of blood clots. Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin or clopidogrel may used alone or in combination.
Carotid Endarterectomy
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure used to reduce the risk of stroke from carotid artery stenosis. In endarterectomy, the surgeon opens the artery and removes the plaque.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Treatment
After DVT is diagnosed, the main treatment is tablets of an anticoagulant medicine, such as warfarin and rivaroxaban. You will probably take the tablets for at least 3 months. If anticoagulant medicines are not suitable, you may have a filter put into a large vein – the vena cava – in your tummy.
Femoral Artery Bypass Surgery
Femoral popliteal bypass surgery is used to treat blocked femoral artery. The femoral artery is the largest artery in the thigh. It supplies oxygen-rich blood to the leg. Blockage is due to plaque buildup or atherosclerosis.
Femoro-popliteal and Femoro-tibial Bypass Graft Surgery
Femoral popliteal bypass surgery is used to treat blocked femoral artery. The femoral artery is the largest artery in the thigh. It supplies oxygen-rich blood to the leg. Blockage is due to plaque buildup or atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis in the leg arteries causes peripheral vascular disease.
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter Implantation
An inferior vena cava (IVC) filter is a small device that can stop blood clots from going up into the lungs. The inferior vena cava is a large vein in the middle of your body. The device is put in during a short surgery.
Intravenous Thrombolytic Therapy
Thrombolytic therapy is the use of drugs to break up or dissolve blood clots, which are the main cause of both heart attacks and stroke.
Peripheral Artery Aneurysm Repair
Open surgical repair to remove the aneurysm and replace it with a graft. Endovascular repair, a minimally invasive technique that uses catheters and guidewires to place a stent graft inside the blood vessel.
Pulmonary Embolism Treatment
Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs. In most cases, pulmonary embolism is caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from deep veins in the legs or, rarely, from veins in other parts of the body (deep vein thrombosis).
Radiofrequency Ablation
Radiofrequency ablation, or RFA, is a minimally invasive technique that shrinks the size of tumors, nodules or other growths in the body. RFA is used to treat a range of conditions, including benign and malignant tumors, chronic venous insufficiency in the legs, as well as chronic back and neck pain.
Stent Insertion
Stents. Coronary stents are now used in nearly all angioplasty procedures. A stent is a tiny, expandable metal mesh coil. It is put into the newly opened area of the artery to help keep the artery from narrowing or closing again. Once the stent has been placed, tissue will start to coat the stent like a layer of skin.
Vascular Medicine Consultation
Vascular medicine focuses on diagnosis and treatment of circulatory problems within the blood vessels, notably the arteries, veins, and lymphatic system. Common diseases include peripheral artery disease, lymphedema, and carotid artery stenosis.
Angiography
Angiograms are the X-ray pictures that are made during angiography. Normal X-rays don't show blood vessels very well, so a special dye must be put into your blood first. This makes your blood vessels stand out, so your doctor can see if there are any problems.
Angioplasty
In the event of a medical emergency, such as a heart attack, angioplasty may be performed. A technique called angioplasty is done to unblock clogged coronary arteries that are caused by coronary artery disease. It does so without requiring open-heart surgery to perform the procedure on the patient.
Aortic Arch Surgery
Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor treatment, commonly known as anti–VEGF therapy or medicine, is the use of pharmaceuticals that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor. Other names for this kind of therapy are anti–VEGF therapy and anti–VEGF medication. In the treatment of certain forms of cancer and age-related macular degeneration, this procedure may be performed.
Aortoiliac and Aortofemoral Bypass Graft Surgery
With aortoliac and aortofemoral bypass graft surgery, a blocked artery is bypassed. The aorta and the iliac or femoral arteries are involved in this case. The aorta is the biggest artery in the body. It gets blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body.
Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Treatment
Surgery is the main way to treat Arteriovenous Malformation. If you're likely to bleed a lot, your doctor might suggest surgery. The AVM might be gone after the surgery. Most of the time, this treatment is used when the AVM is in a place where it can be removed without causing too much damage to the brain.
Atherectomy
An atherectomy is a procedure that removes plaque from a blood vessel. The plaques are removed using a catheter that is inserted into the artery through a small puncture in the artery.
Arteriovenous (AV) Fistula for Dialysis
With an AV fistula, a person is connected to a dialysis device. Two needles are put into the AV fistula by a nurse to start the dialysis treatment. The blood is taken out with one needle and sent to the machine, where it is diffused. With the second needle, the blood can be given back to the body in a safe way.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair
The term "abdominal aortic aneurysm" (AAA) refers to a swelling or bulging in the aorta, the main blood conduit that travels from the heart to the chest and abdomen. If not detected soon away, a AAA may be hazardous. It could expand over time and rupture, resulting in bleeding that might be fatal.
Dermatology 29 Services
Benign Growth Removal
Surgery is a common type of treatment for benign tumors. The goal is to remove the tumor without damaging surrounding tissues. Other types of treatment may include medication or radiation.
Cutaneous Horn Removal
If the lesion that is the underlying cause of a skin horn is benign (noncancerous), it is often treated by excision (surgical removal or resection) or with a procedure called curettage. This is a medical procedure involving the removal of tissue by scraping or scooping
Dermabrasion
Dermabrasion is a skin-resurfacing procedure that uses a rapidly rotating device to sand the outer layers of skin. Immediately after dermabrasion, treated skin will be reddish and swollen. The skin that grows back is usually smoother.
Dermatology Consultation
A dermatology consultation is a service provided by a dermatologist or dermatology clinic, sometimes for free, for patients who are seeking advice regarding existing problems that affect the skin, scalp, hair, nails, lips, and mouth, many of which can be diagnosed by a simple physical examination.
Dermoscopy
Dermoscopy or dermatoscopy refers to the examination of the skin using skin surface microscopy, and is also called 'epiluminoscopy' and 'epiluminescent microscopy'. Derm(at)oscopy is mainly used to evaluate pigmented skin lesions. In experienced hands it can make it easier to diagnose melanoma.
Excessive Sweating Treatment
Hyperhidrosis (hi-pur-hi-DROE-sis) is abnormally excessive sweating that's not necessarily related to heat or exercise. You may sweat so much that it soaks through your clothes or drips off your hands. Besides disrupting normal daily activities, this type of heavy sweating can cause social anxiety and embarrassment.
Hair and Scalp Treatment
Our scalp contains about 100,000 follicles, according to the American Academy of Dermatology Association. Like a seed sprouting a tree, each follicle contains a single hair that grows. The follicles also produce sebum, or oil, that helps keep the scalp moisturized and protects the skin from infection.
Hirsutism Treatment
Hirsutism is where women have thick, dark hair on their face, neck, chest, tummy, lower back, buttocks or thighs. See a GP if it's a problem for you. It might be caused by a medical condition that can be treated.
Ingrown Toenail Treatment
Ingrown toenails are a common condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh. The result is pain, inflamed skin, swelling and, sometimes, an infection. Ingrown toenails usually affect the big toe. Often you can take care of ingrown toenails on your own.
Melasma Treatment
Melasma is a skin condition characterized by brown or blue-gray patches or freckle-like spots. It's often called the “mask of pregnancy.” Melasma happens because of overproduction of the cells that make the color of your skin. It is common, harmless and some treatments may help.
Mesotherapy
Mesotherapy is a technique that uses injections of vitamins, enzymes, hormones, and plant extracts to rejuvenate and tighten skin, as well as remove excess fat. Michel Pistor, a doctor in France, developed the technique in 1952. It was originally used to relieve pain.
Milia Removal
The most common procedure for milia removal is de-roofing. Dermatologists use a sterile needle to remove the tiny flap of skin trapping the keratin flake inside the pore. They then squeeze or prick out the flake. A less-common practice is curettage, which is a form of electrosurgery.
Mole and Skin Lesion Evaluation
If a mole is elevated, or raised from of the skin, it should be considered suspicious. Change in color, especially multiple shades of dark brown or black; red, white and blue, Change or spreading of color from the edge of the mole into surrounding skin. Change in size, especially sudden or continuous enlargement.
Mole Removal
Mole removals, which is different than mole biopsy, is designed to completely remove moles from the skin in a way that minimizes scarring and creates a smooth, discreet finish. Moles are categorized as brown or black skin growths caused by the clustering of skin pigment cells, called melanocytes.
Nail Fungus Treatment
Nail fungus is a common condition that begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, nail fungus may cause your nail to discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. It can affect several nails.
Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Problems
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive treatment that utilizes light treatment along with application of a photosensitizing agent. In dermatology, PDT is commonly used and approved for the treatment of oncological conditions such as actinic keratosis, Bowen disease and superficial basal cell carcinoma.
Pigmentation Treatment
Pigmentation refers to the coloring of the skin. Skin pigmentation disorders cause changes to the color of your skin. Melanin is made by cells in the skin and is the pigment responsible for your skin's color. Hyperpigmentation is a condition that causes your skin to darken.
Psoriasis Treatment
Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure. It tends to go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months, then subsiding for a while or going into remission.
Rosacea Treatment
Rosacea is a common skin condition that causes blushing or flushing and visible blood vessels in your face. It may also produce small, pus-filled bumps. These signs and symptoms may flare up for weeks to months and then go away for a while.
Skin Biopsy
A skin biopsy is a procedure healthcare providers use to diagnose skin conditions. It can help identify a rash, infection, psoriasis or skin cancer. During a biopsy, your provider removes a small sample of skin tissue. In the lab, experts analyze the sample under a microscope.
Skin Lesion Removal
Skin lesion removal is a procedure or surgery to remove growths on your skin. You may have a skin lesion removed because it is too big, bothersome, or uncomfortable. Or you may have a lesion removed because it could be cancerous or precancerous. Often the doctor can remove simple skin lesions during a routine visit.
Skin Tag (Acrochordon) Removal
Skin tags are small, noncancerous growths that form when the skin rubs against itself. They typically don't require treatment. But if their appearance bothers you, you can undergo a skin tag removal procedure.
Spider Veins Treatment
Spider veins are small, damaged veins that can appear on the surface of the legs or face. They are usually not painful or harmful, but some people may wish to treat them for cosmetic reasons. Spider veins can be blue, purple, or red and may appear in the form of thin lines, webs, or branches.
Stretch Marks Removal
Stretch marks (striae) are indented streaks that appear on the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks or other places on the body. They're common in pregnant women, especially during the last trimester. Stretch marks aren't painful or harmful, but some people don't like the way they make their skin look.
Vitiligo Treatment
Vitiligo is a condition in which the skin loses its pigment cells (melanocytes). This can result in discolored patches in different areas of the body, including the skin, hair and mucous membranes. Vitiligo is a disease that causes loss of skin color in patches.
Warts Removal
Warts are tiny skin infections caused by viruses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family. Although kids get warts most often, teens and adults can get them too. Sometimes warts are sexually transmitted and appear in the genital area. But most warts affect the fingers, hands, and feet.
Acne Scar Treatment
Scars left behind by acne do not vanish completely on their own. As a result of the natural breakdown of collagen that comes with aging, pitted acne scars often grow more obvious. However, there are a number of treatments available that help make the scars left behind by acne less obvious. In the course of a few months, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or redness could gradually go away on their own.
Acne Treatment
Acne will, in the vast majority of cases, clear up on its own at the end of adolescence; nevertheless, some individuals continue to deal with acne far into adulthood. The good news is that almost all cases of acne are treatable satisfactorily. Finding a therapy that works for you is the most important thing.
Actinic Keratoses Treatment
Actinic keratoses can be taken care of by freezing the skin with liquid nitrogen. When your doctor puts the chemical directly on the affected area, it may cause your skin to blister or peel. As your wound heals, the damaged skin cells will fall off and be replaced by new, healthy skin. Cryotherapy is the most common way to treat it.
Endocrinology 9 Services
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Treatment
Classic CAH is treated with steroids that replace the low hormones. Infants and children usually take a form of cortisol called hydrocortisone. Adults take hydrocortisone, prednisone, or dexamethasone, which also replace cortisol.
Diabetes Consultation
A diabetes consultation is an appointment with a medical professional specializing in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diabetes who could be your primary care doctor or a specialist called endocrinologist.
Endocrinology Consultation
An endocrinology consultation focuses on identifying the probable cause/s of the problem and recommending an ideal treatment method.
Endocrinology Testing
Endocrinology is the field of hormone-related diseases. An endocrinologist can diagnose and treat hormone problems and the complications that arise from them. Hormones regulate metabolism, respiration, growth, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement.
Hyperthyroidism Treatment
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Treatment
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs.
Thyroid Adenoma Treatment
Thyroid adenomas are benign lesions of the thyroid gland. These lesions may be inactive or active, producing thyroid hormones. In this case, they may be referred to as toxic thyroid adenomas. Patients with thyroid adenomas are usually asymptomatic.
Thyroid Biopsy
A thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue from your thyroid gland. Cells are removed through a small, hollow needle. The sample is sent to the lab for analysis. The thyroid gland is in the front of your neck.
Thyroid Checkup
Health care professionals use thyroid tests to check how well your thyroid is working and to find the cause of problems such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that makes two thyroid hormones.
Physical Therapy 2 Services
Physical Therapy Consultation
Physical therapy (PT) is care that aims to ease pain and help you function, move, and live better. You may need it to: Relieve pain. Improve movement or ability. Prevent or recover from a sports injury.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a more advanced form of flexibility training. PNF involves both stretching and contracting (activation) of the muscle group being targeted in order to achieve maximum static flexibility.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 45 Services
Bioptron Lamp Irradiation Treatment
Bioptron therapy was shown to be an effective short term treatment for lateral epicondylitis 14. Bioptron therapy speeds healing following cosmetic facial procedures, and large wounds following major abdominal surgery.
Bobath Concept Therapy
In the United States the Bobath concept is usually referred to as 'neuro-developmental treatment' (NDT). It is based on the brain's ability to reorganise (neuroplasticity) It is a multidisciplinary approach, involving physiotherapists, occupational therapists and speech and language therapists.
Bone and Joint Screening
A bone density scan (also called a DEXA scan) which is a diagnostic test used to measure the strength of an individual's bones and the probability one has of potentially breaking a bone. A bone density scan uses a low-dose X-ray that takes about 10 minutes and is most commonly performed on the lower spine and hips.
Burn Injuries Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation from a burn injury is a lengthy process, which starts on day one and involves a continuum of care through to scar maturation and beyond. It involves a dedicated multidisciplinary team of professionals and the full participation of the patient.
Chiropractic Adjustment
Chiropractic adjustment is a procedure in which trained specialists (chiropractors) use their hands or a small instrument to apply a controlled, sudden force to a spinal joint. The goal of this procedure, also known as spinal manipulation, is to improve spinal motion and improve your body's physical function.
Chiropractic Consultation
A thorough chiropractic exam includes general tests, such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and reflexes. Specific orthopedic and neurological tests may also be used to assess the: Range of motion of the affected body part(s) Muscle tone. Muscle strength
Chiropractic Treatment
Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially of the spine. It has esoteric origins and is based on several pseudoscientific ideas
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Treatment
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition that causes pain and other symptoms. Scientists believe abnormal nerve functioning causes an overreaction to pain signals that the nervous system can’t shut off. Although there is no cure, treatments are aimed at decreasing symptoms, restoring limb function and maintaining your quality of life.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold to freeze and remove abnormal tissue. Doctors use it to treat many skin conditions (including warts and skin tags) and some cancers, including prostate, cervical and liver cancer. This treatment is also called cryoablation.
Decompression Therapy
In medicine, Decompression refers to the removal or repositioning of any structure compressing any other structure. Common examples include decompressive craniectomy, and spinal decompression to relieve pressure on nerve roots.
Early Stimulation Therapy
By early 'infant stimulation' programs we mean. early interventional therapy for babies at risk for. developmental delay and periodic developmental. assessment, in motor development, cognitive. functioning, language or adaptive functioning.
Endurance Training
What Is Endurance Training? Endurance training describes any type of athletic training that increases your body's cardiovascular or muscular endurance. Endurance training helps develop the body's respiratory capabilities and muscular strength to sustain physical activity with lower injury risks for extended periods.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a treatment method in which low level electrical impulses are applied to nerves or muscles to improve or restore muscle function in people with spinal cord injuries.
Functional Training
Functional training is a type of exercise that looks like movements you make in your daily life. It can be helpful for athletic performance, injury prevention, and other everyday fitness tasks.
Geriatric Rehabilitation
High blood pressure might be an intergenerational problem, but issues like cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, urinary incontinence, vascular dementia, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases are far more common among older adults.
Heat Therapy
Heat therapy works by improving circulation and blood flow to a particular area due to increased temperature. Increasing the temperature of the afflicted area even slightly can soothe discomfort and increase muscle flexibility. Heat therapy can relax and soothe muscles and heal damaged tissue.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Treatment
Human growth hormone (hGH) is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It's important for growth, cell regeneration, and cell reproduction. HGH helps to maintain, build, and repair healthy tissue in the brain and other organs.
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy is one of the basic methods of treatment widely used in the system of natural medicine, which is also called as water therapy, aquatic therapy, pool therapy, and balneotherapy. Use of water in various forms and in various temperatures can produce different effects on different system of the body.
Kinergetics
Kinergetics uses applied kinesiology (muscle testing) and healing energy to help identify and release pain and stress from the body by locating and correcting emotional and metaphysical causes of disease.
Kinesiotherapy
Kinesiotherapy or Kinesitherapy or kinesiatrics (kinēsis, "movement"), literally "movement therapy", is the therapeutic treatment of disease by passive and active muscular movements (as by massage) and of exercise. It is the core element of physiotherapy/physical therapy.
Knee Brace
Knee braces are supports to be worn when you have pain in your knee. Some people use them to prevent knee injuries during sports. Braces are made from combinations of metal, foam, plastic, or elastic material and straps. They come in many sizes, colors, and designs.
Lymphatic Drainage Massage
Lymphatic drainage massage, also known as manual lymphatic drainage, relieves swelling that happens when medical treatment or illness blocks your lymphatic system. Lymphatic drainage massage involves gently manipulating specific areas of your body to help lymph move to an area with working lymph vessels.
Magnetic Therapy
Magnetic therapy is an alternative medical practice that uses static (i.e. unmoving) magnets to alleviate pain and other health concerns. So-called therapeutic magnets are typically integrated into bracelets, rings, or shoe inserts, though therapeutic magnetic mattresses and clothing are also on the market.
Manual Therapy
Manual therapy, or manipulative therapy, is a physical treatment primarily used by physical therapists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists to treat musculoskeletal pain and disability; it mostly includes kneading and manipulation of muscles, joint mobilization and joint manipulation.
Medical Gymnastics
Medical gymnastics undoubtedly has a place in the treatment of certain disorders. For posture defects, for deformities and for inflammations of the muscles, nerves and joints, such treatment tends to hasten recovery and relieve symptoms.
Motor Coordination Diagnostics
Motor coordination is the ability to coordinate muscle activation in a sequence that preserves posture. The use of muscle synergies in postural reactions and sway strategies in standing are examples of this coordination and are described in the upcoming section on neural control.
Myofascial Release (MFR)
Myofascial Release (MFR) is a holistic, therapeutic approach to manual therapy, popularized by John Barnes, PT, LMT, NCTMB. MFR offers a comprehensive approach for the evaluation and treatment of the myofascial system, the system of tissues and muscles in the body.Jul 26, 2012
Neurologic Physical Therapy
Neurological Physical Therapy encompasses specialized comprehensive evaluation and treatment of individuals with movement problems due to disease or injury of the nervous system.
Neurorehabilitation
Neurorehabilitation is a complex medical process which aims to aid recovery from a nervous system injury, and to minimize and/or compensate for any functional alterations resulting from it.
Orthopedic Rehabilitation
Orthopedic Rehabilitation, also known as Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, is dedicated to treating injuries or illnesses involving the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue.
Physical Rehabilitation after Amputation
The goal of rehabilitation after an amputation is to help the patient return to the highest level of function and independence possible, while improving the overall quality of life—physically, emotionally, and socially.
Physical Therapy Consultation
Physical therapy (PT) is care that aims to ease pain and help you function, move, and live better. You may need it to: Relieve pain. Improve movement or ability. Prevent or recover from a sports injury.
Physical Therapy
Physical therapy (PT) is care that aims to ease pain and help you function, move, and live better. You may need it to: Relieve pain. Improve movement or ability. Prevent or recover from a sports injury.
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation is care that can help you get back, keep, or improve abilities that you need for daily life. These abilities may be physical, mental, and/or cognitive (thinking and learning). You may have lost them because of a disease or injury, or as a side effect from a medical treatment.
Robot-assisted HAL® Therapy
The HAL 9000 Computer is a non-human and central character in the film by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke - 2001: A Space Odyssey. As the brain of the spaceship Discovery, HAL is a robot that uses the mechanical, sensing, and information systems under its control.
Scanning Laser Therapy
Scanning laser therapy works in a similar physiological way to low-power contact laser therapy but it enables to treat larger areas than with contact treatment and it can be done automatically without the presence of an operator.
Speech Therapy
Speech therapy is the assessment and treatment of communication problems and speech disorders. It is performed by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), which are often referred to as speech therapists. Speech therapy techniques are used to improve communication.
Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation
A spinal cord injury — damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal (cauda equina) — often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation and other body functions below the site of the injury.
Spinal Therapy
Spinal traction is a form of decompression therapy that relieves pressure on the spine. It can be performed manually or mechanically. Spinal traction is used to treat herniated discs, sciatica, degenerative disc disease, pinched nerves, and many other back conditions.
Strength Training
A system of physical conditioning in which muscles are exercised by being worked against an opposing force (as by lifting weights) to increase strength While everyone loses some muscle mass with age, a condition known as sarcopenia, it's possible to slow or even reverse that loss with regular strength training.
Stroke Rehabilitation
The goal of stroke rehabilitation is to help you relearn skills you lost when a stroke affected part of your brain. Stroke rehabilitation can help you regain independence and improve your quality of life. The severity of stroke complications and each person's ability to recover vary widely.
Targeted Laser Therapy
Laser therapy uses an intense, narrow beam of light to remove or destroy cancer and abnormal cells that can turn into cancer. Tumor cells absorb light of different wavelengths (or colors) than normal cells do. So, tumor cells can be targeted by selecting the proper wavelength of the laser.
Therapy for Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMJ)
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) disorders are conditions affecting the jaw joints and surrounding muscles and ligaments. It can be caused by trauma, an improper bite, arthritis or wear and tear. Common symptoms include jaw tenderness, headaches, earaches and facial pain.
Ultrasound Therapy
Ultrasound physical therapy is a branch of ultrasound, alongside diagnostic ultrasound and pregnancy imaging. It's used to detect and treat various musculoskeletal issues you may have including pain, tissue injury, and muscle spasms.
Balance and Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy
A vestibular physical therapist who specializes in vestibular rehabilitation develops an exercise-based program called vestibular rehabilitation for the purpose of enhancing a patient's balance and alleviating issues that are associated with dizziness.
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Bile Duct Cancer Surgery
Intrahepatic bile duct cancers are in bile ducts that are inside the liver. To treat these cancers, the surgeon cuts out the part of the liver containing the cancer. Removing part of the liver is called a partial hepatectomy. Sometimes this means that a whole lobe (right or left part) of the liver must be removed.
Cholecystectomy
A cholecystectomy (koh-luh-sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove your gallbladder — a pear-shaped organ that sits just below your liver on the upper right side of your abdomen. Your gallbladder collects and stores bile — a digestive fluid produced in your liver.
Choledochotomy
Surgical incision of the common bile duct Patients with clonorchiasis are usually asymptomatic and treatment is limited to complications. Treatment consists of cholecystectomy, choledochotomy, and T-tube drainage.
Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy (koe-lun-OS-kuh-pee) is an exam used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon.
Colostomy
A colostomy is an operation to divert 1 end of the colon (part of the bowel) through an opening in the tummy. The opening is called a stoma. A pouch can be placed over the stoma to collect your poo (stools). A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or (ERCP), is a procedure to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope—a long, flexible, lighted tube.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive procedure to assess digestive (gastrointestinal) and lung diseases. A special endoscope uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the lining and walls of your digestive tract and chest, nearby organs such as the pancreas and liver, and lymph nodes.
Endoscopy
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Esophageal Cancer Surgery
One operation used to treat esophageal cancer is esophagectomy. During esophagectomy, your surgeon removes the portion of your esophagus that contains the tumor, along with a portion of the upper part of your stomach, and nearby lymph nodes. The remaining esophagus is reconnected to your stomach.
Esophageal Diverticula Surgery
Endoscopic diverticulotomy (Dohlman procedure): This procedure divides the septum between the cervical esophagus and the diverticular pouch. By dividing the septum, food can freely drain from the pouch to the esophagus.
Esophageal Manometry
Esophageal manometry (muh-NOM-uh-tree) is a test that shows whether your esophagus is working properly. The esophagus is a long, muscular tube that connects your throat to your stomach. When you swallow, your esophagus contracts and pushes food into your stomach. Esophageal manometry measures the contractions.
Esophageal pH Monitoring
Esophageal pH monitoring is a test that measures how often stomach acid enters the tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach (called the esophagus). The test also measures how long the acid stays there.
Gallstones Treatment
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum).
Gastroenterology Consultation
A gastroenterology consultation is an in-depth one-to-one meeting between you and a gastroenterologist. We ask you to describe your issue in depth, and ask you questions. We traditionally do a physical examination, and then based on our assessment make recommendations for testing and treatment.
Gastroenterostomy
A gastroenterostomy is the surgical creation of a connection between the stomach and the jejunum. The operation can sometimes be performed at the same time as a partial gastrectomy (the removal of part of the stomach).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Treatment
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus). This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus. Many people experience acid reflux from time to time.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Biopsy
Upper GI endoscopy is a test that looks inside your upper GI (gastrointestinal) tract. This includes your food pipe (esophagus), stomach, and duodenum (the first part of your small intestine). The test is also known as EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy).
Gastrointestinal Perforation Repair
Treatment most often involves emergency surgery to repair the hole. Sometimes, a small part of the intestine must be removed. One end of the intestine may be brought out through an opening (stoma) made in the abdominal wall. This is called a colostomy or ileostomy.
Gastroscopy
A gastroscopy is a test to check inside your throat, food pipe (oesophagus) and stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive system. This test can help find what's causing your symptoms.
Gastrostomy
A gastrostomy is a surgical procedure used to insert a tube, often referred to as a "G-tube", through the abdomen and into the stomach. Gastrostomy is used to provide a route for tube feeding if needed for four weeks or longer, and/or to vent the stomach for air or drainage.
Heller Myotomy
Heller myotomy is a surgical procedure in which the muscles of the cardia (lower esophageal sphincter or LES) are cut, allowing food and liquids to pass to the stomach.
Hepatology Consultation
Your hepatologist will inquire about your medical history, ask you detailed questions about the symptoms you have been experiencing and any previous treatments you had for them. You should also answers questions about your lifestyle such as your diet, your exercise regimen and alcohol and drug intake.
Intra-Abdominal Adhesions Surgery
Abdominal adhesions are scar tissue that forms between abdominal tissues and organs that causes your tissues and organs to stick together. Surgery of the abdomen is the main cause of this scar tissue. You usually won't need treatment.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Treatment
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common condition that affects the digestive system. It causes symptoms like stomach cramps, bloating, diarrhoea and constipation. These tend to come and go over time, and can last for days, weeks or months at a time. It's usually a lifelong problem
Laparoscopic Anti-Reflux (GERD) Surgery
A Nissen fundoplication is a surgery to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). During the procedure, a surgeon creates a sphincter (tightening muscle) at the bottom of the esophagus to prevent acid reflux. Most people notice a significant decrease in acid reflux symptoms after the surgery.
Liver Biopsy
A liver biopsy is a test used to diagnose liver conditions. Tissue samples are removed from your liver and checked under a microscope for signs of damage or disease. A liver biopsy can tell if there are cancer cells or other abnormal cells in your liver. It can also tell how well your liver is working.
Liver Cancer Surgery
The best option to cure liver cancer is with either surgical resection (removal of the tumor with surgery) or a liver transplant. If all cancer in the liver is completely removed, you will have the best outlook. Small liver cancers may also be cured with other types of treatment such as ablation or radiation.
Liver Disease Consultation
Liver problems that can occur include fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. The liver and its cells — as seen through a microscope — change dramatically when a normal liver becomes fatty or cirrhotic. Liver disease doesn't always cause noticeable signs and symptoms.
Liver Disease Evaluation
Liver disease diagnosis can generally be made using a carefully obtained history, physical examination, and a few laboratory tests. Initial laboratory testing should include aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin.
Liver Hemangioma Surgery
Surgery to remove part of the liver, including the hemangioma. In some cases, surgeons may need to remove a portion of your liver along with the hemangioma. Procedures to stop blood flow to the hemangioma. Without a blood supply, the hemangioma may stop growing or shrink.
Liver Transarterial Chemo Embolization (TACE)
Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE combines the local delivery of chemotherapy with a procedure called embolization to treat cancer, most often of the liver. It is a non-surgical and minimally invasive procedure performed in radiology, usually by an interventional radiologist.
Liver Transplant (Living Related Donor)
A living-donor liver transplant is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the liver from a healthy living person is removed and placed into someone whose liver is no longer working properly.
Meckel's Diverticulum Surgery
Meckel diverticulectomy is surgery to remove an abnormal pouch of the lining of the small intestine (bowel). This pouch is called a Meckel diverticulum.
Ostomy
(OS-toh-mee) An operation to create an opening (a stoma) from an area inside the body to the outside. Colostomy and urostomy are types of ostomies.
Pancreatectomy
Pancreatectomy is the technical name for surgery to remove all or part of the pancreas. This procedure can be used to treat conditions like pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis.
Pancreatic Cyst Treatment
Pancreatic cysts are saclike pockets of fluid on or in your pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. Pancreatic cysts are typically found during imaging testing for another problem.
Pancreatitis Treatment
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Either form is serious and can lead to complications. Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly and usually goes away in a few days with treatment.
Peptic Ulcer Treatment
Ulcers. A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus. A peptic ulcer in the stomach is called a gastric ulcer. A duodenal ulcer is a peptic ulcer that develops in the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). An esophageal ulcer occurs in the lower part of your esophagus.
Polypectomy
A polypectomy is the surgical removal of a polyp. Colon polyps can be removed through open abdominal surgery, but more commonly it is performed during a colonoscopy. The endoscopist may snip off a small polyp with a forceps or remove a larger polyp with a snare that burns through the base of the polyp.
Sigmoidoscopy
A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic test used to check the sigmoid colon, which is the lower part of your colon or large intestine. This section of your colon is close to your rectum and anus. A sigmoidoscopy can help diagnose the following symptoms: Diarrhea.
Stomach Cancer Surgery
Surgery. Surgery is a common treatment of all stages of gastric cancer. The following types of surgery may be used: Subtotal gastrectomy: Removal of the part of the stomach that contains cancer, nearby lymph nodes, and parts of other tissues and organs near the tumor. The spleen may be removed.
Surgery for Benign Liver Tumors
Surgery for benign liver tumors requires removing the tumor completely. This is called a liver resection. Occasionally this can be done in a minimally invasive fashion. The portion of liver that needs to be removed is determined based on the location of the tumor.
Surgery for Cholecystitis
Most people with the condition eventually need surgery to remove the gallbladder. Gallbladder removal surgery is called a cholecystectomy. Usually, this is a minimally invasive procedure, involving a few tiny incisions in your abdomen (laparoscopic cholecystectomy).
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Breast Abscess Drainage
Treatment for a breast abscess involves draining the area of pus. First, your doctor will numb your skin with a local anesthetic so you don't feel any pain. Then, they'll remove the pus by either making a small incision and physically draining the abscess, or by removing the pus via a needle.
Breast Lumpectomy
Lumpectomy is a surgical removal of a discrete portion or "lump" of breast tissue, usually in the treatment of a malignant tumor or breast cancer.
Breast Tumor Removal
Lumpectomy (lum-PEK-tuh-me) is surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from your breast. During a lumpectomy procedure, the surgeon removes the cancer or other abnormal tissue and a small amount of the healthy tissue that surrounds it. This ensures that all of the abnormal tissue is removed.
Cervical Sympathectomy
A cervical sympathectomy is surgery to destroy or remove nerves in your neck. The surgery is mainly used to treat hyperhidrosis (heavy sweating) in the armpits or on the hands.
Cyst Removal
The removal of a cyst refers to any procedure used to remove an abnormal soft tissue growth or pocket of fluid that forms in various parts of the body. There are several types of cyst removal procedures performed depending on the type of cyst, its size, and its location.
Diagnostic Laparoscopy
Diagnostic laparoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to look directly at the contents of the abdomen or pelvis.
Gastrectomy
Gastrectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the stomach. If only part of the stomach is removed, it is called partial gastrectomy. If the whole stomach is removed, it is called total gastrectomy.
General Surgery Consultation
Surgery consultation, which is an essential part of any surgical procedure, involves making an assessment as to whether the patient is fit to undergo surgery and if the benefits of the procedure outweigh the risk.
Hernia Repair
Open hernia repair is where an incision, or cut, is made in the groin. The hernia “sac” containing the bulging intestine is identified. The surgeon then pushes the hernia back into the abdomen and strengthens the abdominal wall with stitches or synthetic mesh.
Hiatal Hernia Surgery
Surgery to repair a hiatal hernia may involve pulling your stomach down into your abdomen and making the opening in your diaphragm smaller or reconstructing an esophageal sphincter. In some cases, hiatal hernia surgery is combined with weight-loss surgery, such as a sleeve gastrectomy.
Incisional Hernia Repair
In this surgical procedure, also known as herniorrhaphy, the surgeon makes an incision in the abdomen above the hernia, pushes any protruding intestine back into the abdomen and repairs the opening in the muscle wall.
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin. This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.
Laparotomy
A laparotomy is a surgical incision into the abdominal cavity. A laparotomy is performed to examine the abdominal organs and aid diagnosis of any problems. Possible complications include infection and the formation of scar tissue within the abdominal cavity.
Lipoma Removal
Most lipomas are removed surgically by cutting them out. Recurrences after removal are uncommon. Possible side effects are scarring and bruising. A technique known as minimal excision extraction may result in less scarring. Liposuction.
Liver Resection
Liver resection is the removal of part of the liver during an operation. The body can cope with removal of up to two-thirds of the liver. The liver also has the ability to grow back. Within 3 months of your operation, the remainder of your liver will have grown back to near normal size.
Lymph Node Biopsy
A lymph node biopsy is the removal of lymph node tissue for examination under a microscope. The lymph nodes are small glands that make white blood cells (lymphocytes), which fight infection. Lymph nodes may trap the germs that are causing an infection. Cancer can spread to lymph nodes.
Lymph Nodes Removal
Lymph node removal is a surgical procedure to take out one or more of your lymph nodes. Your doctor may recommend you have this procedure if you've been diagnosed with cancer. There are two main reasons for removing lymph nodes. If you have cancer, one or more lymph nodes may be removed to check whether it has spread.
Mastectomy
A mastectomy is an operation to remove a breast. It's used to treat breast cancer in women and breast cancer in men. The operation takes about 90 minutes, and most people go home the following day.
Nephrectomy
Kidney removal, or nephrectomy, is surgery to remove all or part of a kidney. It may involve: Part of one kidney removed (partial nephrectomy). All of one kidney removed (simple nephrectomy). Removal of one entire kidney, surrounding fat, and the adrenal gland (radical nephrectomy).
Omentectomy
The benefit of an omentectomy is to remove cancer if it's spread to the omentum or to help stage the cancer to determine the most beneficial treatment. Cancer surgeries, such as an omentectomy, can cause side effects including temporary tenderness or pain.
Pleurodesis
Pleurodesis is a procedure that sticks your lung to your chest wall. This procedure removes the space between your lung and your chest wall (pleural space) so that fluid or air no longer builds up between the layers.
Robotic Surgery
Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with conventional techniques. Robotic surgery is usually associated with minimally invasive surgery — procedures performed through tiny incisions.
Splenectomy
A splenectomy is surgery to remove the entire spleen, a delicate, fist-sized organ that sits under the left rib cage near the stomach. The spleen is an important part of the body's defense (immune) system. It contains special white blood cells that destroy bacteria and help the body fight infections when you are sick.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a non-surgical radiation therapy used to treat functional abnormalities and small tumors of the brain. It can deliver precisely-targeted radiation in fewer high-dose treatments than traditional therapy, which can help preserve healthy tissue.
Thoracostomy
Thoracostomy is a minimally invasive procedure in which a doctor inserts a thin plastic tube into the pleural space — the area between the chest wall and lungs. They may attach the tube to a suction device to remove excess fluid or air. Or, they may use the chest tube to deliver medications into the pleural space.
Tracheostomy
A tracheostomy is an opening created at the front of the neck so a tube can be inserted into the windpipe (trachea) to help you breathe. If necessary, the tube can be connected to an oxygen supply and a breathing machine called a ventilator.
Umbilical Hernia Repair
During umbilical hernia repair, the surgeon makes a small cut of about 2 to 3cm at the base of the belly button and pushes the fatty lump or loop of bowel back into the tummy. The muscle layers at the weak spot in the abdominal wall where the hernia came through are stitched together to strengthen them.
Adrenalectomy
Surgical removal of either one or both of the adrenal glands is referred to as an adrenalectomy. Above each of your kidneys is a little gland called an adrenal gland. Your adrenal glands generate hormones that govern your metabolism, immunological system, blood pressure, and blood sugar.
After Surgery Care
Following any kind of medical procedure, you can expect to have some side effects. Surgery will almost always include some degree of discomfort. There is also a possibility that the place where the surgeon sliced would experience swelling as well as pain. Your surgeon will be able to provide you with information on the possible adverse effects.
Appendectomy
An appendectomy is surgery that removes an infected appendix. This problem is called appendicitis. A common emergency surgery is appendectomy. The appendix is a small pouch connected to the large intestine.
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Bone Marrow Transplant
Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a special therapy for patients with certain cancers or other diseases. A bone marrow transplant involves taking cells that are normally found in the bone marrow (stem cells), filtering those cells, and giving them back either to the donor (patient) or to another person.
Cryosurgery
Cryosurgery is a type of surgery that involves the use of extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissues, such as tumors. The surgery most often involves the use of liquid nitrogen, although carbon dioxide and argon may also be used.
Deep Wound Treatment
An open wound is an injury involving an external or internal break in body tissue, usually involving the skin. Nearly everyone will experience an open wound at some point in their life. Most open wounds are minor and can be treated at home.
Doctor Consultation
Medical consultation means a consultation which takes place between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of determining what medical examinations or procedures, if any, are appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous chemical may have taken place.
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT)
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), sometimes referred to as EPAT Therapy or simply “Shockwave,” is a non-invasive therapy used to treat pain and promote healing by delivering high-energy sound waves to injured or damaged tissue during short treatment sessions.
Female Health Checkup
A full check up for women includes a comprehensive work-up for general health, including heart diseases, cholesterol, diabetes, major organ functions, osteoporosis and common cancers like liver and colon cancer. During the tests, the doctor may ask you some questions.
Follow-Up Check
(FAH-loh-up kayr) Care given to a patient over time after finishing treatment for a disease. Follow-up care involves regular medical checkups, which may include a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests.
General Medicine Consultation
Also referred to as a medical consultation, a general consultation is a meeting between a physician and a patient.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) Treatment
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a general term for a group of rare inherited disorders that cause weakness and stiffness in the leg muscles. Symptoms gradually get worse over time. It's also known as familial spastic paraparesis or Strümpell-Lorrain syndrome.
Hyperbaric Medicine
Hyperbaric medicine is medical treatment in which an ambient pressure greater than sea level atmospheric pressure is a necessary component.
Lumbar Puncture
A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is performed in your lower back, in the lumbar region. During a lumbar puncture, a needle is inserted between two lumbar bones (vertebrae) to remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord to protect them from injury.
Male Health Checkup
A men's health check is a screening service that can detect the early warning signs of a range of health conditions affecting men, such as diabetes and prostate cancer. Using the results of these health tests, specialists can build a clear picture of what your current health is like and identify any future risks.
Marfan Syndrome Treatment
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a rare multi-systemic genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue. Those with the condition tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. They also typically have overly-flexible joints and scoliosis.
Medical Examination
The medical examination will include a medical history review, physical examination, chest X-ray and blood tests for syphilis. The physical examination will at least include examination of the eyes, ears, nose and throat, extremities, heart, lungs, abdomen, lymph nodes and skin.
Medical Report
A medical report is a comprehensive report that covers a person's clinical history. A medical report is a vital piece of evidence that can validate and support your claim for Social Security Disability benefits.
Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Injection
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy uses injections of a concentration of a patient's own platelets to accelerate the healing of injured tendons, ligaments, muscles and joints. In this way, PRP injections use each individual patient's own healing system to improve musculoskeletal problems.
Vaccination
Vaccination is a simple, safe, and effective way of protecting you against harmful diseases, before you come into contact with them. It uses your body's natural defenses to build resistance to specific infections and makes your immune system stronger.
Abdominal Examination
An examination of the patient's abdomen, which is referred to as an abdominal examination, is a component of the patient's overall physical examination that is performed by a medical professional or a nurse to look for indications of illness in the patient's abdominal region.
Thoracic Surgery 14 Services
Cardiac Catheterization
Cardiac catheterization (kath-uh-tur-ih-ZAY-shun) is a procedure in which a thin, flexible tube (catheter) is guided through a blood vessel to the heart to diagnose or treat certain heart conditions, such as clogged arteries or irregular heartbeats.
Cardioversion
Cardioversion is a medical procedure that restores a normal heart rhythm in people with certain types of abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias). Cardioversion is usually done by sending electric shocks to your heart through electrodes placed on your chest. It's also possible to do cardioversion with medications.
Carotid Surgery
Carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a build-up of fatty deposits (plaque), which cause narrowing of a carotid artery. The carotid arteries are the main blood vessels that supply blood to the neck, face and brain.
Heart Bypass Surgery
Coronary bypass surgery is a procedure that restores blood flow to your heart muscle by diverting the flow of blood around a section of a blocked artery in your heart. Coronary bypass surgery redirects blood around a section of a blocked or partially blocked artery in your heart.
Heart Valve Repair
Your doctor may often recommend heart valve repair when possible, as it saves the heart valve and may preserve heart function. Heart valve repair surgery may include: Patching holes in a valve. Reconnecting valve flaps (leaflets or cusps) Removing excess valve tissue so that the leaflets or cusps can close tightly.
Left Ventricular Assist Device
A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is implanted in your chest. It helps pump blood from the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle) to the rest of your body. A control unit and battery pack are worn outside your body and are connected to the LVAD through a small opening (port) in your skin.
Pacemakers
A pacemaker is a small device that's placed (implanted) in the chest to help control the heartbeat. It's used to prevent the heart from beating too slowly. Implanting a pacemaker in the chest requires a surgical procedure. A pacemaker is also called a cardiac pacing device.
Thoracic Surgery Consultation
Thoracic surgery refers to operations on organs in the chest, including the heart, lungs and esophagus. Examples of thoracic surgery include coronary artery bypass surgery, heart transplant, lung transplant and removal of parts of the lung affected by cancer.
Thoracotomy
A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure in which a cut is made between the ribs to see and reach the lungs or other organs in the chest or thorax. Typically, a thoracotomy is performed on the right or left side of the chest. An incision on the front of the chest through the breast bone can also be used, but is rare.
Trans-myocardial Revascularization
Transmyocardial revascularization, also known as TMR or TMLR, is a surgical procedure that uses a special carbon dioxide (CO2) laser to shoot tiny pinholes or channels through the heart muscle and into the heart's lower left chamber (left ventricle).
Ablation
The treatment for atrial fibrillation known as ablation is a technique. It does this by applying tiny burns or freezes to the interior of the heart, which results in some scarring. This scarring helps to break up the electrical impulses that cause irregular heartbeats. This may help the heart maintain its regular beat, which is important for overall health.
Aneurysm Repair
The two main types of surgery used to fix an aneurysm are open surgery and endovascular repair. When you have open surgery, the doctor makes a big cut in your stomach or chest. The damaged part of the aorta is then replaced with a graft by the doctor.
Angioplasty & Stent Placement
Angioplasty is when a balloon is used to open up an artery that is blocked or narrowed. During most modern angioplasty procedures, however, a short tube made of wire mesh called a stent is also put into the artery. The stent stays in place so that blood can flow more easily.
Aortic Valve Replacements / TAVR
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a minimally invasive surgery that replaces a relatively narrow aortic valve that doesn't open properly (aortic valve stenosis). In this operation, the doctor puts a catheter into the leg or chest and guides it to the heart.
Pulmonology 15 Services
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that lets doctors look at your lungs and air passages. It's usually performed by a doctor who specializes in lung disorders (a pulmonologist). During bronchoscopy, a thin tube (bronchoscope) is passed through your nose or mouth, down your throat and into your lungs.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Treatment
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production and wheezing.
Cystic Fibrosis Treatment
Lung infections are treated with antibiotics which may be given intravenously, inhaled, or by mouth. Sometimes, the antibiotic azithromycin is used long term. Inhaled hypertonic saline and salbutamol may also be useful.
Lung Biopsy
A biopsy is a procedure performed to remove tissue or cells from the body for examination under a microscope. A lung biopsy is a procedure in which samples of lung tissue are removed (with a special biopsy needle or during surgery) to determine if lung disease or cancer is present.
Lung Fluid Drainage
Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs. A needle is put through the chest wall into the pleural space. The pleural space is the thin gap between the pleura of the lung and of the inner chest wall.
Lung Function Test
Spirometry is a simple test used to help diagnose and monitor certain lung conditions by measuring how much air you can breathe out in one forced breath. It's carried out using a device called a spirometer, which is a small machine attached by a cable to a mouthpiece.
Lung Volume Reduction Surgery
Lung volume reduction surgery is used to improve breathing in some people with severe emphysema, a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). During surgery, small wedges of damaged lung tissue are removed to allow the remaining tissue to function better.
Pneumonectomy
A pneumonectomy is a type of surgery to remove one of your lungs because of cancer, trauma, or some other condition. You have two lungs: a right lung and a left lung. These lungs connect to your mouth through a series of tubes.
Pulmonary Rehablitation
Pulmonary rehabilitation is the use of exercise, education, and behavioral intervention to improve how people with chronic lung disease function in daily life and to enhance their quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation is a program designed for people who have chronic lung disease.
Pulmonology Consultation
Listen to pronunciation. (PUL-muh-NAH-loh-jee) A branch of medicine that specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. These diseases include asthma, emphysema, tuberculosis, and pneumonia.
Respiratory Medicine Consultation
Doctors working in respiratory medicine diagnose and treat conditions affecting the respiratory system, which includes the nose, throat, larynx, windpipe, lungs and the diaphragm.
Thoracentesis
Thoracentesis is a procedure to remove fluid or air from around the lungs. A needle is put through the chest wall into the pleural space. The pleural space is the thin gap between the pleura of the lung and of the inner chest wall.
Thoracoscopy / Pleuroscopy
Thoracoscopy (pleuroscopy) involves passage of an endoscope through the chest wall for direct visualization of the pleura. Medical thoracoscopy is most commonly used for pleural fluid drainage, parietal pleural biopsy, and pleurodesis.
Treatment for Pneumothorax
A pneumothorax is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. A pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.
Tuberculosis (TB) Treatment
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick.
Gynecology 67 Services
Breast Biopsy
A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of breast tissue for testing. The tissue sample is sent to a lab, where doctors who specialize in analyzing blood and body tissue (pathologists) examine the tissue sample and provide a diagnosis
Breast Exam
A breast self-exam for breast awareness is an inspection of your breasts that you do on your own. To help increase your breast awareness, you use your eyes and hands to determine if there are any changes to the look and feel of your breasts.
Cardiotocography (CTG)
Cardiotocography is a technique used to monitor the fetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions during pregnancy and labour. The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a cardiotocograph.
Cervical Biopsy
A cervical biopsy is a surgical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus located at the end of the vagina. A cervical biopsy is usually done after an abnormality has been found during a routine pelvic exam or Pap smear.
Cervical Cautery
Cervical Cauterization is a procedure wherein heat (or diathermy) is used for treating the cells on the neck of the cervix. This procedure causes delicate, easily broken cells to grow into newer, healthy and strong cells which are unlikely to result in discharge or irregular bleeding.
Cervical Cerclage
Cervical cerclage is a medical procedure in which your doctor places a single stitch around your cervix, the opening to your uterus. The stitch sews your cervix closed. Doctors perform cerclage to prevent late (second trimester) miscarriages and preterm (early) delivery.
Cervical Conization
Cervical conization (CPT codes 57520 (Cold Knife) and 57522 (Loop Excision)) refers to an excision of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization may be used for either diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy or therapeutic purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells.
Cervical Polyp Removal
Cervical polyps are removed with an instrument called polyp forceps. They are used to grasp the base of the polyp and the polyp is removed with a gentle twisting motion. Occasionally, if the doctor or nurse cannot see the base of the polyp, a procedure called hysteroscopy is performed.
Cesarean Section
Cesarean section, C-section, or Cesarean birth is the surgical delivery of a baby through a cut (incision) made in the mother's abdomen and uterus. Healthcare providers use it when they believe it's safer for the mother, the baby, or both. The incision made in the skin may be: Up-and-down (vertical).
Colposcopy
Colposcopy (kol-POS-kuh-pee) is a procedure to closely examine your cervix, vagina and vulva for signs of disease. During colposcopy, your doctor uses a special instrument called a colposcope. Your doctor may recommend colposcopy if your Pap test result is abnormal.
Contraceptive Implant
The contraceptive implant (Nexplanon) is a small flexible plastic rod that's placed under the skin in your upper arm by a doctor or nurse.
Cystocele Repair
A cystocele repair is a surgery to put your bladder back in its normal place. Your surgeon will fix the wall between your bladder and vagina to keep your bladder from moving again.
Dilation and Curettage
Dilation and curettage refers to the dilation of the cervix and surgical removal of part of the lining of the uterus and/or contents of the uterus by scraping and scooping.
Ectopic Pregnancy Surgery
Salpingostomy and salpingectomy are two laparoscopic surgeries used to treat some ectopic pregnancies. In these procedure, a small incision is made in the abdomen, near or in the navel. Next, your doctor uses a thin tube equipped with a camera lens and light (laparoscope) to view the tubal area.
Endometrial Ablation
Endometrial ablation is a procedure that surgically destroys (ablates) the lining of your uterus (endometrium). The goal of endometrial ablation is to reduce menstrual flow. In some women, menstrual flow may stop completely. No incisions are needed for endometrial ablation.
Endometrial Biopsy
In an endometrial biopsy, a small piece of tissue from the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) is removed and examined under a microscope for cancer and other cell irregularities. The procedure helps find the cause of a woman's heavy or irregular bleeding.
Endometriosis Treatment
Endometriosis (en-doe-me-tree-O-sis) is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining your pelvis.
Episiotomy Repair
An episiotomy should be repaired promptly to reduce blood loss and prevent infection. Repair of an episiotomy is undertaken in three stages: repair of the vaginal mucosa, repair of the muscle layer and repair of the skin layer. Adequate pain relief should be provided before suturing.
Female Sterilization
Sterilization (sometimes called female sterilization, tubal ligation, or “getting your tubes tied”) is a safe and effective surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy.
Fetal Echocardiography
A fetal echocardiogram (also called a fetal echo) uses sound waves to create pictures of an unborn baby's heart. This painless ultrasound test shows the structure of the heart and how well it's working.
Fetal Medicine Consultation
Consultation: Patients are often referred to maternal-fetal medicine for consultation due to a medical condition that may complicate their pregnancy. Often, patients referred for consultation continue their prenatal care with their doctor or midwife.
Fetal Surgery
Fetal surgery is a procedure performed on an unborn baby (fetus) in the uterus (in utero) to help improve the long-term outcome of children with specific birth defects.
Four Dimensional (4D) Ultrasound
4D is the fourth dimension in ultrasound when a 3D image has another dimension; time. 4D is the latest ultrasound technology. It takes many conventional 2D images, creates a surface rendered 3D image, and adds time to the process. The result is realistic live action images of your unborn child.
Gynecologic Laparoscopy
A gynaecological laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) is a procedure to look inside your lower tummy (abdomen) to examine your womb (uterus), fallopian tubes and ovaries. Gynaecological laparoscopy can be used to diagnose a condition and/or to treat it.
Gynecology Checkup
A gyn checkup is a yearly health check — like a regular eye exam or dental checkup. Doctors often call gyn checkups "well woman visits" because they're designed to keep you healthy by catching small issues before they turn into big ones.
Gynecology Consultation
Gynaecology consultation is a routine and often diagnostic procedure performed by gynecologists to assess the general condition of the female reproductive system and determine the presence of diseases and infections. It may also relate to fertility and to a certain extent, preconception, prenatal, and maternal care.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
HPV is the name of a very common group of viruses. They do not cause any problems in most people, but some types can cause genital warts or cancer. HPV affects the skin. There are more than 100 different types.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
A vaccine that helps protect the body against infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection can cause abnormal tissue growth, such as warts, and other changes to cells.
Hymenoplasty
Hymen repair (hymenoplasty) is the cosmetic repair, restoration, or construction of a woman's hymen, and is often requested by women for physical, psychological, or cultural reasons. Restoration of the hymen is also known as hymenoplasty or revirginization.
Hymenotomy
A hymenectomy (sometimes referred to as hymenotomy) is a surgical procedure where an opening is created in the hymen. It is often used when a person has a hymen that is abnormally thick, septate, or otherwise obstructing the flow of menstruation (imperforate hymen).
Hysteroscopy
A hysteroscopy is a procedure used to examine the inside of the womb (uterus). It's carried out using a hysteroscope, which is a narrow telescope with a light and camera at the end. Images are sent to a monitor so your doctor or specialist nurse can see inside your womb.
Intrauterine Device (IUD) Placement
IUDs are shaped like a T, with one arm on either side. The doctor will fold down the arms and place the device into an applicator tube, then insert the tube through your cervix into your uterus. Once the IUD is in place, the arms will release and the doctor will remove the applicator tube.
Intrauterine Device (IUD) Removal
The IUD is removed by securely grasping the threads at the external os with ring forceps. Traction should be applied away from the cervix. If resistance is met, the removal should be abandoned until it is determined why the IUD is not moving. A deeply embedded IUD may have to be removed hysteroscopically.
Menopause Checkup
This is a home-use test kit to measure Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in your urine. This may help indicate if you are in menopause or perimenopause.
Microdochectomy
A Microdochectomy is a surgical procedure in which a single duct is removed from the nipple areolar complex. It is usually undertaken when a patient has nipple discharge from a single duct. The patient will be asked not squeeze the nipple before attending the operating theatre.
Myomectomy
Myomectomy (my-o-MEK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove uterine fibroids — also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs). These common noncancerous growths appear in the uterus. Uterine fibroids usually develop during childbearing years, but they can occur at any age.
Nuchal Translucency Scan (NT scan)
An NT scan is a common screening test that occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. This test measures the size of the clear tissue, called the nuchal translucency, at the back of your baby's neck. It's not unusual for a fetus to have fluid or clear space at the back of their neck.
Oophorectomy
An oophorectomy (oh-of-uh-REK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove one or both of your ovaries. Your ovaries are almond-shaped organs that sit on each side of the uterus in your pelvis. Your ovaries contain eggs and produce hormones that control your menstrual cycle.
Ovarian Cyst Removal
Laparoscopy. Using a laparoscope — a slim, lighted instrument inserted into your abdomen through a small incision — your doctor can see your ovaries and remove the ovarian cyst. This is a surgical procedure that requires anesthesia.
Ovarian Transposition Surgery
A procedure used to help keep a woman fertile by preventing damage to the ovaries during radiation therapy. Before radiation therapy begins, one or both ovaries and fallopian tubes are separated from the uterus and attached to the wall of the abdomen away from where the radiation will be given.
Ovarian Tumor Removal
The first goal of ovarian cancer surgery is to stage the cancer − to see how far the cancer has spread from the ovary. Usually this means removing the uterus (this operation is called a hysterectomy), along with both ovaries and fallopian tubes (this is called a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or BSO).
Pap Smear Test
A Pap smear (also called a Pap test) screens for cervical cancer. The test checks for abnormal cells in the cervix that are cancerous or have the potential to become cancerous. During a Pap smear, your healthcare provider takes cells from the cervix to examine under a microscope for signs of cancer.
Pelvic Adhesiolysis
Hysteroscopic adhesiolysis is a surgery that removes adhesions from inside the uterus. Adhesions can cause pain and complications with pregnancy. Having adhesions in the uterus is also called Asherman syndrome.
Pelvic Exam
Pelvic exam. A doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. This is done to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and rectum are also checked. Enlarge.
Pelvic Floor Electrical Stimulator
During pelvic floor electrical stimulation, a low-grade electrical current (similar to “TENS” units used in physical therapy) stimulates the muscles to contract creating a muscular response similar to Kegels (an exercise for your pelvic floor muscles).
Pelvic Floor Repair
A pelvic floor repair is the most common surgery for prolapse. It is a broad term used to describe simple surgical repairs of the pelvic floor. More specifically, the term anterior repair refers to correction of the front wall of the vagina; and posterior repair refers to correction of the back wall of the vagina.
Pessary Placement
A pessary is a prosthetic device that can be inserted into the vagina to support its internal structure. It's often used in the case of urinary incontinence and a vaginal or pelvic organ prolapse. A prolapse occurs when the vagina or another organ in the pelvis slips out of its usual place.
Pregnancy Ultrasound
A pregnancy ultrasound is an imaging test that uses sound waves to create a picture of how a baby is developing in the womb. It is also used to check the female pelvic organs during pregnancy.
Prenatal Counseling
Preconception counseling is an appointment with your healthcare provider that's used to plan for a future pregnancy. Your family history, risk factors, medical conditions and lifestyle are all discussed. This appointment is an important part of a planned and healthy pregnancy.
Prenatal Testing
Prenatal screening tests can identify whether your baby is more or less likely to have certain birth defects, many of which are genetic disorders. These tests include blood tests, a specific type of ultrasound and prenatal cell-free DNA screening.
Presacral Neurectomy
Presacral Neurectomy is the surgical removal of the presacral plexus, the group of nerves that conducts the pain signal from the uterus to the brain.
Screening for Down Syndrome (Triple Test)
The triple screen measures serum hCG, AFP and unconjugated estriol to calculate the risk of Down syndrome and can detect up to 69% of Down syndrome pregnancies. Currently, the quadruple test, usually performed at 15-18 weeks' gestation, is the most common screening test performed in the second trimester.
Tubal Ligation Reversal
A tubal ligation reversal is a procedure to reverse a tubal ligation — when the fallopian tubes are cut or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy. During a tubal ligation reversal, your doctor removes the obstructed area of the fallopian tubes and reattaches the fallopian tubes to allow pregnancy.
Urodynamic Evaluation
Urodynamic testing is any procedure that looks at how well parts of the lower urinary tract—the bladder, sphincters, and urethra—work to store and release urine. Most urodynamic tests focus on how well your bladder can hold and empty urine.
Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE)
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a procedure to treat fibroids without surgery. Uterine fibroids are noncancerous (benign) tumors that develop in the uterus (womb). During the procedure, the blood supply to the fibroids is cut off. This typically causes the fibroids to shrink.
Uterine Prolapse Surgery
Hysterectomy and prolapse repair: Uterine prolapse may be treated by removing the uterus in a surgical procedure called a hysterectomy. This may be done through a cut (incision) made in the vagina (vaginal hysterectomy) or through the abdomen (abdominal hysterectomy).
Uterosacral Nerve Ablation
Laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation (LUNA) involves the destruction of a small segment of ligament that carries nerve fibres within the pelvis.
Vaginal Childbirth
A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals (babies in humans) through the vagina (also called the "birth canal"). It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide.
Vaginal Culture Test
Vaginal culture; Female genital tract culture; Culture - cervix. Endocervical culture is a laboratory test that helps identify infection in the female genital tract.
Vaginal Vault Prolapse Surgery
Vaginal vault prolapse is descent of the vaginal apex (after hysterectomy) into the lower vagina, to the hymenal ring, or through the vaginal introitus.
Vaginectomy
Vaginectomy is a surgery to remove all or part of the vagina. It is usually used as a treatment for vaginal cancer.
Vaginismus Treatment
Vaginismus is the body's automatic reaction to the fear of some or all types of vaginal penetration. Whenever penetration is attempted, your vaginal muscles tighten up on their own. You have no control over it. Occasionally, you can get vaginismus even if you have previously enjoyed painless penetrative sex.
Vaginoplasty
Vaginoplasty is a procedure to construct or repair a vagina. It treats various medical issues, including vaginal injury due to childbirth and pelvic floor disease complications. It's also for creating a transgender vagina, which helps individuals achieve their preferred gender identity.
Vulval Biopsy
A vulva biopsy is when a doctor takes a small sample of tissue from an abnormal area of the vulva. They send this to a laboratory to be examined under a microscope. A biopsy can help to diagnose vulval cancer.
Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is a procedure in which amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing or treatment. Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds and protects a baby during pregnancy. This fluid contains fetal cells and various proteins.
Antenatal Care (ANC)
Antenatal care is the care you get from a doctor or nurse before you have your baby. It can also be called maternity care or care for pregnant women. You will be given appointments with a midwife or, sometimes, a doctor who specializes in pregnancy and childbirth.
Bartholin's Cyst Treatment
Both sides of the vaginal entrance are home to a pair of glands. These glands produce fluid that contributes to keeping the vaginal tract moist. Bartholin's cyst is an enlargement of one of these glands caused by blocked or partially blocked entrances, which is usually painless.
Cardiology 98 Services
Bentall Procedure
The Bentall procedure is a surgery to replace part of the aorta and the aortic valve of the heart because of a bulge (aneurysm) in the aorta. The aorta is the large blood vessel (artery) that carries blood from the heart through the chest and belly to the rest of the body.
Blalock–Taussig Shunt (BT Shunt)
The Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt is a surgical procedure used to increase blood flow to the lungs in some forms of congenital heart disease. These conditions, in which a child is born with an abnormal heart include pulmonary atresia and Tetralogy of Fallot and are common causes of blue baby syndrome.
Cardiac Amyloidosis Treatment
Some of the common types of chemotherapy used to treat amyloidosis are cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan, Neosar) and melphalan (Alkeran) combined with the steroids dexamethasone (multiple brand names) and prednisone (multiple brand names).
Cardiac Assessment
A focused assessment of the cardiac system includes a review for common or concerning symptoms: Chest pain—assess location, when it occurs, intensity, type, duration, with or without exertion, radiation, associated symptoms (shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, palpitations, anxiety), and alleviating factors.
Cardiac Asthma Treatment
The treatments for cardiac asthma depend on the cause (such as heart failure or leaky valve) but may include heart medicines to control blood pressure and remove excess fluid, proper diet, and modified daily activities. If the cause is a leaky valve or congenital heart defect, over time, surgery may be needed.
Cardiac CT
A computerized tomography (CT) coronary angiogram is an imaging test that looks at the arteries that supply blood to your heart. It might be done to diagnose the cause of chest pain or other symptoms. A CT coronary angiogram uses a powerful X-ray machine to produce images of your heart and its blood vessels.
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehab, or cardiac rehabilitation, is a medically supervised program that includes exercise, support, counseling and education. This comprehensive program helps you recover from a heart attack or other heart problem. It offers many benefits that can improve your health and quality of life.
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of organs inside the thoracic cavity — generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease), lungs (lung disease), and other pleural or mediastinal structures.
Cardioversion
Cardioversion is a medical procedure that restores a normal heart rhythm in people with certain types of abnormal heartbeats (arrhythmias). Cardioversion is usually done by sending electric shocks to your heart through electrodes placed on your chest. It's also possible to do cardioversion with medications.
Coronary Angiogram
A coronary angiogram is a procedure that uses X-ray imaging to see your heart's blood vessels. The test is generally done to see if there's a restriction in blood flow going to the heart. Coronary angiograms are part of a general group of procedures known as heart (cardiac) catheterizations.
Coronary Angiography and Left Ventriculography
Coronary angiography, also known as cardiac catheterisation, is a procedure performed to visualise the coronary arteries which are blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. It is the gold standard to diagnose coronary artery disease.
Coronary Angioplasty
A coronary angioplasty is a procedure used to widen blocked or narrowed coronary arteries (the main blood vessels supplying the heart). The term "angioplasty" means using a balloon to stretch open a narrowed or blocked artery.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery
A coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a surgical procedure used to treat coronary heart disease. It diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts of the major arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Treatment
Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes impaired blood flow in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Also called coronary heart disease (CHD), CAD is the most common form of heart disease and affects approximately 16.5 millionTrusted Source Americans over the age of 20
Coronary Steal Treatment
Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes impaired blood flow in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Also called coronary heart disease (CHD), CAD is the most common form of heart disease and affects approximately 16.5 millionTrusted Source Americans over the age of 20
Coxsackievirus-Induced Cardiomyopathy Treatment
Treatment. A wide variety of treatment modalities are currently recommended including Immunosuppressive agents, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG), and antiviral agents although the effectiveness of these treatments are not well established and no specific treatment is available.
Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Doctors perform cryoablation to restore normal heart rhythm by disabling heart cells that create an irregular heartbeat. During this minimally invasive procedure, a thin flexible tube called a balloon catheter is used to locate and freeze the heart tissue that triggers an irregular heartbeat.
Diastolic Heart Failure Treatment
The pharmacologic therapies of choice for diastolic heart failure are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, diuretics, and beta blockers.
Dobutamine Stress Echocardiogram
A dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) may be used if you are unable to exercise. Dobutamine is put in a vein and causes the heart to beat faster. It mimics the effects of exercise on the heart. During an echo, a transducer (like a microphone) sends out ultrasonic sound waves at a frequency too high to be heard.
Dressler's Syndrome Treatment
The main treatment for Dressler syndrome is medication to reduce inflammation. Your doctor may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as: Aspirin. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others)
Duroziez's Disease Treatment
Duroziez's sign is a sign of aortic insufficiency. It consists of an audible diastolic murmur which can be heard over the femoral artery when it is compressed with the bell of a stethoscope.
Echocardiogram
An echocardiogram, or "echo", is a scan used to look at the heart and nearby blood vessels. It's a type of ultrasound scan, which means a small probe is used to send out high-frequency sound waves that create echoes when they bounce off different parts of the body.
Eisenmenger's Syndrome Treatment
Sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra) and tadalafil (Cialis, Adcirca) are sometimes used to treat high blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries caused by Eisenmenger syndrome. These drugs work by opening the blood vessels in the lungs to allow blood to flow through more easily.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical signal from the heart to check for different heart conditions. Electrodes are placed on the chest to record the heart's electrical signals, which cause the heart to beat. The signals are shown as waves on an attached computer monitor or printer.
Electrophysiology Study (EPS)
An electrophysiology (EP) study — also called invasive cardiac electrophysiology — is a series of tests that examine the heart's electrical activity. The heart's electrical system produces signals (impulses) that control the timing of the heartbeats.
Endocardial Fibroelastosis (EFE) Treatment
There is no specific cure for endocardial fibroelastosis. Treatment is largely tailored around symptoms. Management commonly revolves around chronic cardiac failure with diuretics, digoxin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and beta-blockers. Early and long-term treatment with digoxin has been suggested.
Endocarditis Treatment
Endocarditis is treated with a course of antibiotics given via a drip. You'll need to be admitted to hospital for this. Some people also need surgery to repair or replace a damaged heart valve or drain away any abscesses that develop. Endocarditis is a serious illness, especially if complications develop.
Endomyocardial Biopsy (EMB)
Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is an invasive procedure used routinely to obtain small samples of heart muscle, primarily for detecting rejection of a donor heart following heart transplantation. It is also used as a diagnostic tool in some heart diseases.
Fontan Procedure
During a Fontan surgery, congenital heart surgeons reroute the blood flow from the lower body to the lungs by connecting the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery. To accomplish this, surgeons will most often create a connecting channel, or tube, outside of the heart.
Giant Cell Myocarditis Treatment
Giant-cell myocarditis often escapes diagnosis until autopsy or transplantation and has defied proper treatment trials for its rarity and deadly behavior. Current therapy rests on multiple-drug immunosuppression but its prognostic influence remains poorly known.Nov
Glenn Shunt
Glenn shunt procedures involve the anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery to increase pulmonary blood flow in patients with cyanotic heart disease.
Health Screening
Screenings are medical tests that doctors use to check for diseases and health conditions before there are any signs or symptoms. Screenings help find problems early on, when they may be easier to treat. Getting recommended screenings is one of the most important things you can do for your health.
Heart Arrhythmia - Catheter Ablation
Catheter ablation is a way to treat irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias, like atrial fibrillation (AFib), atrial flutter, or supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). It destroys the tissue that's causing your heartbeat to get off course. This creates scar tissue inside your heart.
Heart Biopsy
A myocardial biopsy, also called a heart biopsy, is an invasive procedure that involves using a bioptome (a small catheter with a grasping device on the end) to obtain a small piece of heart muscle tissue that is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Heart Surgery
Open-heart surgery (also called traditional heart surgery) is when the surgeon cuts the chest open to reach the heart. Because it's difficult to operate on a beating heart, medicines are used to stop the heart. A heart-lung bypass machine keeps oxygen-rich blood pumping through the body during the surgery.
Heart Tumor Treatment
A single small noncancerous primary heart tumor can be surgically removed, usually resulting in a cure. If a large noncancerous primary tumor is significantly reducing blood flow through the heart, removal of the part of the tumor that does not grow into the heart wall may improve heart function.
Heart Valve Replacement
To replace a heart valve, your doctor removes the heart valve and replaces it with a mechanical valve or a valve made from cow, pig or human heart tissue (biological tissue valve). Biological valves often eventually need to be replaced, as they break down over time.
High Output Heart Failure Treatment
High-output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the cardiac output is higher than normal due to increased peripheral demand. There is a circulatory overload which may lead to pulmonary edema secondary to an elevated diastolic pressure in the left ventricle.
Hypertension Treatment
Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Blood pressure is the force that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Implantation
An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a small battery-powered device placed in the chest to detect and stop irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). An ICD continuously monitors the heartbeat and delivers electric shocks, when needed, to restore a regular heart rhythm.
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Insertion
IABP therapy involves inserting the balloon-tipped catheter into a blood vessel and advancing it to the heart. Usually, this happens during a heart-related surgery. In an emergency, a medical team may insert it at your bedside.
Keshan Disease Treatment
Keshan disease is an endemic cardiomyopathy with high mortality rates. It is most prevalent in low income, rural regions of China and in areas with selenium-deficient soil. The condition can cause acute or congestive heart failure, a thinning heart wall, and cardiac arrhythmia, among other health issues.
Kounis Syndrome Treatment
Kounis syndrome is the concurrence of acute coronary syndromes with conditions associated with mast cell activation, such as allergies or hypersensitivity and anaphylactic or anaphylactoid insults that can involve other interrelated and interacting inflammatory cells behaving as a 'ball of thread'.
Left Heart Catheterization
Left heart catheterization is the passage of a thin flexible tube (catheter) into the left side of the heart. It is done to diagnose or treat certain heart problems.
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Implantation
A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is implanted in your chest. It helps pump blood from the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle) to the rest of your body. A control unit and battery pack are worn outside your body and are connected to the LVAD through a small opening (port) in your skin.
Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass (MIDCAB)
Minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass (MIDCAB) grafting attempts to achieve adequate coronary artery revascularization in a less invasive manner than conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).
Mitral Valve Repair
Mitral valve repair and mitral valve replacement are types of surgery to fix or replace a leaky or stiff mitral valve in the heart.
Myocardial Bridge Treatment
A myocardial bridge is a usually harmless condition in which one or more of the coronary arteries goes through the heart muscle instead of lying on its surface. Most bridges don't seem to cause symptoms. However, some people with myocardial bridges can experience angina, or chest pain.
Myocardial Infarction Treatment
Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction) A heart attack (medically known as a myocardial infarction) is a deadly medical emergency where your heart muscle begins to die because it isn't getting enough blood flow. This is usually caused by a blockage in the arteries that supply blood to your heart.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI)
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non-invasive imaging test that shows how well blood flows through (perfuses) your heart muscle.
Myocardial Viability Testing
Purpose. Positron emission tomography (PET) viability imaging is used to assess how much heart muscle has been damaged by a heart attack or heart disease. This test is used to determine whether a patient may need angiography, cardiac bypass surgery, heart transplant or other procedures.
Myocarditis Treatment
A rare condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick and inflamed and may also become weak. Myocarditis is usually caused by a viral infection, but it may also be caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infections; autoimmune disorders; or being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals or drugs.
Pacemaker Implantation
A pacemaker insertion is the implantation of a small electronic device that is usually placed in the chest (just below the collarbone) to help regulate slow electrical problems with the heart. A pacemaker may be recommended toensure that the heartbeat does not slow to a dangerously low rate.
Pancarditis Treatment
Pancarditis, also called perimyoendocarditis, is the inflammation of the entire heart: the pericardium, the myocardium and the endocardium. Reflux carditis refers to a possible outcome of esophageal reflux (also known as GERD), and involves inflammation of the esophagus/stomach mucosa.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening (ductus arteriosus) is a normal part of a baby's circulatory system in the womb that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus.
Pediatric Cardiology
Paediatric cardiologists are doctors who diagnose and treat children with cardiac (heart) conditions. They work with patients antenatally (before birth), through childhood and into adulthood.
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium). It's done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid.
Pericarditis Treatment
Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericardium). Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Pericarditis is usually mild and goes away without treatment.
Preoperative Evaluation
Preoperative evaluation means an assessment of cardiac risk. The goal of perioperative cardiac risk assessment is to identify those patients with unstable cardiac disease for whom further study and treatment warrants the risk of surgical delay.
Pulmonary Artery Banding (PAB)
Pulmonary artery banding (PAB) is a surgical technique used for the palliation of certain congenital cardiac defects. The most common indication is for the limitation of pulmonary blood flow in the clinical scenario of pulmonary over-circulation caused by large left-to-right shunts.
Pulmonary Artery Catheter Insertion
Pulmonary artery catheterization uses a catheter that has an inflatable balloon at its tip. The healthcare provider puts this tube through a large vein. The tube is then moved to the right atrium, one of the heart's upper chambers. It is then moved on through the right ventricle and out through a pulmonary artery.
Rastelli Procedure
The Rastelli procedure is a surgery used to correct congenital heart defects such as, double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and truncus arteriosus. It can also be combined with the modified Norwood procedure to correct aortic atresia with a ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Renal Denervation Therapy
Renal denervation therapy (RDT) is a relatively new, catheterization-based intervention to treat patients with refractory hypertension. The rationale of RDT is the mechanical destruction with high frequency ablation of renal sympathetic fibers, which can be easily accessed via the renal artery.
Right Heart Catheterization
In a right-heart cath, your doctor guides a special catheter (a small, hollow tube) called a pulmonary artery (PA) catheter to the right side of your heart. He or she then passes the tube into your pulmonary artery. This is the main artery that carries blood to your lungs.
Roemheld Syndrome Treatment
Roemheld syndrome (RS), or gastrocardiac syndrome, or gastric cardiac syndrome or Roemheld-Techlenburg-Ceconi-Syndrome or gastric-cardia, was a medical syndrome first coined by Ludwig von Roemheld (1871–1938) describing a cluster of cardiovascular symptoms stimulated by gastrointestinal changes.
Shone's Syndrome Treatment
Shone's complex is a congenital (present at birth) heart disease. It affects how blood flows both into and out of the left side of the heart. The multiple sites of blockage in the blood flow through the left side of the heart differentiates Shone's syndrome from other isolated heart defects.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) Treatment
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection — sometimes referred to as SCAD — is an emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a blood vessel in the heart. SCAD can slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, heart rhythm problems (arrythmias) or sudden death.
Stress Electrocardiography (ECG)
The exercise stress test -- also known as an exercise electrocardiogram, treadmill test, graded exercise test, or stress EKG -- is used most often. It lets your doctor know how your heart responds to being pushed. You'll walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike. It'll get more difficult as you go.
Subaortic Membrane Excision
Subaortic membrane resection is an open-heart surgery performed under general anesthesia with the use of a heart-lung bypass machine. The surgeon will open the chest and then the aorta near the aortic valve. The subaortic membrane is removed, which will restore the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Surgery for Coarctation of the Aorta
During surgery to correct a coarctation, the narrow portion is removed and the aorta is reconstructed or patched to allow blood to flow normally through the aorta. Even after surgery, children with a coarctation of the aorta often have high blood pressure that is treated with medicine.
Surgery for Ebstein's Anomaly
Several types of procedures can be used to surgically treat Ebstein anomaly and associated defects. Tricuspid valve repair. Surgeons reduce the size of the valve opening and allow the valve leaflets to come together to work properly. A band might be placed around the valve to keep it in place.
Surgery for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Soon after a baby with hypoplastic left heart syndrome is born, multiple surgeries done in a particular order are needed to increase blood flow to the body and bypass the poorly functioning left side of the heart. The right ventricle becomes the main pumping chamber to the body.
Surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Surgery for tetralogy of Fallot involves open-heart surgery to correct the defects (intracardiac repair) or a temporary procedure that uses a shunt. Most babies and older children have intracardiac repair.
Surgery for Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Arterial switch is a surgical procedure and the main treatment to correct transposition of the great arteries (TGA). Almost all children with TGA undergo the arterial switch repair (also called the Jatene repair). Soon after birth, babies with TGA become very sick because of a severe lack of oxygen.
Temporary Pacemaker
Temporary cardiac pacing is an intervention that helps the heartbeat get back to a normal pace if it has been temporarily out of rhythm. In temporary cardiac pacing, wires are inserted through the chest (during heart surgery), or a large vein in the groin or neck, and are directly connected to the heart.
Tilt Table Test
In a tilt table test, you lie on a table that adjusts your body position from horizontal to vertical to simulate standing up. The test can tell your doctor if faulty brain signals are causing low blood pressure. A tilt table test is used to evaluate the cause of unexplained fainting.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) Surgery
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a condition in which the blood vessels from the lungs take an abnormal path back to the heart. TAPVR surgery is open heart surgery done to fix this problem. The heart has 4 chambers: a right and left atrium and a right and left ventricle.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)
A TAVI is a medical procedure that involves fitting a valve into the heart to treat aortic stenosis. If you're an adult in need of an aortic valve replacement and aren't well enough to have heart valve surgery, you may be given a TAVI procedure instead.
Transcoronary Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy (TASH)
TASH is a new, investigational, catheter-based treatment for severely symptomatic, medically refractory hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.
Treatment for Myocardial Rupture
Myocardial rupture is a laceration of the ventricles or atria of the heart, of the interatrial or interventricular septum, or of the papillary muscles. It is most commonly seen as a serious sequela of an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). It can also be caused by trauma.
Tricuspid Atresia Treatment
Tricuspid atresia (pronounced try-CUSP-id uh-TREE-zhuh) is a birth defect of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the right upper chamber of the heart to the right lower chamber of the heart doesn't form at all.
Tricuspid Valve (TV) Repair
Tricuspid valve repair is an open-heart procedure. Your surgeon may reshape the valve, or repair or separate fused valve leaflets. The operation can be done through a small incision on the side of the chest.
Ultrafast CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
An ultrafast computed tomography (CT) scan is also called electron beam CT scan. It's an imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to look at your heart. The scan takes pictures very quickly.
Ventricular Aneurysm Treatment
A ventricular aneurysm is a defect in the left (or right) ventricle of the heart, usually produced by transmural infarction.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) Closure
VSD is an opening in the wall (septum) dividing the two lower chambers of the heart (ventricles). Normally, this wall closes before birth. When it doesn't, oxygen-rich blood in the left chamber can mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right one.
Ventriculography
A ventriculogram is a test that shows images of your heart. The images show how well your heart is pumping. The pictures let your doctor check the health of the lower chambers of your heart, called ventricles. This test can be done as a non-invasive test or as part of an invasive procedure.
24 Hour Blood Pressure Monitoring
A technique to measure blood pressure continuously is 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Even when you are asleep, your blood pressure is monitored. Your doctor can get a better idea of your blood pressure numbers from the information that is collected over time.
Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Treatment
In acute decompensated heart failure, the development of heart failure may be either rapid or gradually, and patients will exhibit the normal indications and symptoms of heart failure.
Angina Pectoris Treatment
The two main types of surgery used to fix an aneurysm are open surgery and endovascular repair. When you have open surgery, the doctor makes a big cut in your stomach or chest. The damaged part of the aorta is then replaced with a graft by the doctor. In endovascular repair, the cut is much smaller than in open surgery.
Aortic Valve Repair
Aortic valve replacement is a procedure in which an artificial heart valve is used to replace a patient's failing aortic valve. Most of the time, open-heart surgery and opening the chest bone are used to fix aortic valves.
Aortic Stenosis Treatment
To treat aortic valve stenosis, people often need to have their aortic valves replaced. During aortic valve replacement, your doctor takes out the damaged valve and puts in a new one made of cow, pig, or human heart tissue.
Aortopulmonary Window Repair
Surgery is done with the help of cardiopulmonary bypass. An incision can be made in the front of the aorta, in the main pulmonary artery, or in the aortopulmonary window itself. Usually, related lesions are fixed during the same surgery.
Atherosclerosis Treatment
Atherosclerosis is when fats, cholesterol, and other things build up in and on the walls of the arteries. Atherosclerosis can make arteries narrow, which can stop blood from flowing and cause a blood clot.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Closure
ASD closure is a method to close a hole in your heart called an atrial septal defect (ASD). ASD is a hole in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers of your heart that isn't supposed to be there. Usually, the hole closes up a few weeks after the baby is born.
Atrioventricular Fistula Treatment
A fistula between an artery and a vein is called an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. Blood doesn't go through capillaries. Instead, it goes straight from the artery to the vein.
Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) Treatment
Most of the time, children with AVSD need open-heart surgery. For the repair, one or two patches are put on the common valve to separate the right and left sides. This is done after the heart/lung bypass to help keep the blood flowing during the repair.
Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty
In balloon valvuloplasty, a catheter is inserted into the heart and guided to a valve that is too narrow. Once there, a balloon is inflated within the catheter, which results in a larger opening provided by the valve.
Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty
With balloon valvuloplasty, the pulmonary valve is fixed. A long, thin tube called a catheter is used in the process. At the end of this tube is a balloon that you can blow up. The doctor threads this catheter all the way to the pulmonary valve through a blood vessel in the groin.
Colorectal Medicine 30 Services
Colectomy
Colectomy (col- + -ectomy) is bowel resection of the large bowel (colon). It consists of the surgical removal of any extent of the colon, usually segmental resection (partial colectomy).
Colorectal Medicine Consultation
A Colorectal Surgeon, formerly known as a proctologist, is a general surgeon who has undergone further training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the colon, rectum and anus. Colon and rectal surgeons are experts in the surgical and non-surgical treatment of colon and rectal problems.
Crohn's Disease Treatment
Doctors treat Crohn's disease with medicines, bowel rest, and surgery. No single treatment works for everyone with Crohn's disease. The goals of treatment are to decrease the inflammation in your intestines, to prevent flare-ups of your symptoms, and to keep you in remission.
Cryptitis Surgery
Cryptitis is a term used in histopathology to describe inflammation of the intestinal crypts. The crypts are glands found in the lining of the intestines. They are sometimes called the crypts of Lieberkühn. Histopathology is the microscopic study of diseased tissues.
Diverticulitis Treatment
Mild diverticulitis is treated with antibiotics. Surgery is needed if problems develop. A high fiber diet, exercise and drinking lots of water can help prevent.
Endoscopic Full-Thickness Resection
Endoscopic full thickness resection, or EFTR, is a minimally invasive procedure to remove (resect) benign or cancerous tumors from the gastrointestinal tract using an endoscope, a flexible, tube-like instrument. “Full thickness” refers to how much of the gastrointestinal wall is removed.
Endoscopic Mucosectomy
Gastrointestinal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a procedure to remove precancerous, early-stage cancer or other abnormal tissues (lesions) from the digestive tract. Endoscopic mucosal resection is performed with a long, narrow tube equipped with a light, video camera and other instruments.
Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a flexible, tube-like tool called an endoscope to remove precancerous and cancerous areas in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. “Submucosal” means this procedure targets tumors located under the lining of the GI tract (mucosa).
Fecal Incontinence Treatment
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements, causing stool (feces) to leak unexpectedly from the rectum. Also called bowel incontinence, fecal incontinence ranges from an occasional leakage of stool while passing gas to a complete loss of bowel control.
Hemorrhoidectomy
A hemorrhoidectomy is surgery to remove internal or external hemorrhoids that are extensive or severe. Surgical hemorrhoidectomy is the most effective treatment for hemorrhoids, though it is associated with the greatest rate of complications. Hemorrhoid Anatomy.
Ileostomy
An ileostomy is an opening in the belly (abdominal wall) that's made during surgery. It's usually needed because a problem is causing the ileum to not work properly, or a disease is affecting that part of the colon and it needs to be removed.
Proctoscopy
A proctoscopy (rigid sigmoidoscopy) is a procedure to examine the insides of the rectum and the anus. A proctoscope is a hollow tube, usually with a tiny light at the end, that can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsies as a cancer screening tool.
Prostate Massage
Prostate massage is a way to empty fluids from your prostate ducts. This therapy might offer some health benefits, or your doctor might use it to diagnose a problem. But it's not something doctors usually recommend or use for testing or treatment.
Rectocele Surgery
The goal of rectocele repair is to strengthen the wall between the vagina and rectum. In this surgical procedure, the doctor will make an incision into the back wall of the vagina. The layers under the vaginal wall are then sutured together in such a way as to tighten the tissues and reinforce the strength of the wall.
Rectopexy
Laparoscopic rectopexy is one of the surgeries that is used to repair a rectal prolapse. In this surgery, the rectum is restored to its normal position in the pelvis, so that it no longer protrudes through the anus. Usually, stitches are used to secure the rectum, often along with mesh.
Rectoscopy
A proctoscopy (also called rigid sigmoidoscopy) is a procedure to examine the inside of the rectum and the anus. It is usually done to look for tumors, polyps, inflammation, bleeding, or hemorrhoids.
Rubber Band Ligation for Hemorrhoids
Rubber band ligation is a procedure in which the hemorrhoid is tied off at its base with rubber bands, cutting off the blood flow to the hemorrhoid. This treatment is only for internal hemorrhoids. To do this procedure, a doctor inserts a viewing instrument (anoscope) into the anus.
Small Bowel Resection
Small bowel resection is surgery to remove a part of your small bowel. It is done when part of your small bowel is blocked or diseased. The small bowel is also called the small intestine. Most digestion (breaking down and absorbing nutrients) of the food you eat takes place in the small intestine.
Sphincterotomy
Sphincterotomy, also called a lateral internal sphincterotomy, is a type of procedure that is used to cut the anal sphincter. The anal sphincter is the group of muscles connected to the rectum, at the end of the digestive tract, through which bowel movements are passed.
Surgery for Chronic Constipation
Surgery. A small number of selected patients with well documented slow-transit constipation that is resistant to medical treatment, and without evidence of functional outlet obstruction may be candidates for colon resection – surgical removal of the colon with connection of the small intestine to the remaining rectum.
Surgery for Diverticulitis
This is the most common type of surgery for diverticulitis. A surgeon cuts into the colon, removes the damaged pockets or pouches, then reattaches the remaining segments of the colon. The surgeon may reattach the colon to the rectum or create a colostomy.
Surgery for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
During surgery, your surgeon removes a damaged portion of your digestive tract and then reconnects the healthy sections. Surgery may also be used to close fistulas and drain abscesses. The benefits of surgery for Crohn's disease are usually temporary. The disease often recurs, frequently near the reconnected tissue.
Ulcerative Colitis Treatment
Ulcerative colitis is a long-term condition where the colon and rectum become inflamed. The colon is the large intestine (bowel) and the rectum is the end of the bowel where stools are stored. Small ulcers can develop on the colon's lining, and can bleed and produce pus.
Anal Abscess Drainage
Most of the time, an abscess is treated by draining it with surgery. To get rid of the infection, a cut is made in the skin near the anus. This can be done in a clinic or hospital with a local anesthetic or in a surgery room with deeper anesthesia.
Anal Fissure Treatment
Anal fissures usually heal within a few weeks if you keep your stools soft by doing things like eating more fiber and drinking more water. Soaking in warm water for 10 to 20 minutes a few times a day, especially after going to the bathroom, can help relax the sphincter and speed healing.
Anal Fistula Surgery
The LIFT operation, which stands for ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract, is a therapy for fistulas that run through the anal sphincter muscles. In these cases, a fistulotomy would be too hazardous of a surgery to perform. During the therapy, an incision is made in the skin just above the fistula, and the sphincter muscles are separated in order to release the fistula.
Anal Cyst Removal
A surgical incision and drainage is the most frequent therapy for all forms of anal abscesses, and it is typically effective. This treatment is also known as the "open drainage" technique. The draining of an abscess may be done at the doctor's office using a local anesthetic, or it can be done in the operating room using general anesthesia.
Anal Sphincter Repair
In order to rebuild a full and taut ring of muscle, your surgeon will first locate the portions of the muscle that have become weaker and then sew the damaged ends together. Your anus may regain its normal function and form as a result of doing this.
Anorectal Manometry
Anorectal manometry is a test that controls how well the rectum and anal sphincter are functioning. People with fecal incontinence, constipation, or Hirschsprung's disease are often given the anorectal manometry test.
Anoscopy
During an anoscopy, a small tube called an anoscope is used to look at the inside of your anus and rectum. High resolution anoscopy is a similar procedure that uses a special magnifying tool called a colposcope and an anoscope to look at these areas.
Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) 46 Services
Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
The system consists of three components: the titanium fixture, the abutment and the external sound processor. Baha is a technology that combines a sound processor with a small titanium fixture implanted behind the ear. This unique system allows the bone to transfer sound to a functioning cochlea (See How the Ear Works) rather than via the middle ear – a process known as direct bone conduction.
Cochlear Implant
A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that electrically stimulates the cochlear nerve (nerve for hearing). The implant has external and internal parts. The external part sits behind the ear. It picks up sounds with a microphone. It then processes the sound and transmits it to the internal part of the implant.
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Decortication of Vocal Cords
In Reinke's edema, the vocal cords swell past their normal size and/or develop polyps, which affects the patient's voice quality. Decortication of the vocal cords involves removing layers of the vocal cords to improve the condition and restore the original voice as much as possible.
Ear Cleaning
Ear cleaning (by a doctor): When ear wax accumulates enough, it may block the ear canal (and hearing). A health care professional may have to wash it out, vacuum it, or remove it with special instruments. Alternatively, your physician may prescribe ear drops that are designed to soften the wax.
Ear, Nose and Throat Consultation
A general ENT consultation is an appointment with an otolaryngologist for conditions affecting the ears, nose and throat. Although the three organs appear distinct from one another, all of them are part of the upper respiratory system. They also have similarities, including the mucous lining.
Glossectomy
A glossectomy is the surgery done to remove part of or all of the tongue. It can be used to treat cancers of the tongue, some oral cavity (inside the mouth) and throat cancers. The tongue's jobs include tasting, swallowing, breathing, licking and speaking.
Hearing Aids
Hearing aids work by amplifying sound through a three-part system: The microphone receives sound and converts it into a digital signal. The amplifier increases the strength of the digital signal. The speaker produces the amplified sound into the ear.
Hearing Assessment
An audiological assessment is a painless, noninvasive hearing test that measures a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches or frequencies.
Impedence Audiometry
Impedance or immitance audiometry is an objective assessment method of the function of the middle ear. By increasing acoustic pressure in the external ear canal, impedance audiometry measures the sum of resistance which a sound wave encounters on its way through the middle ear to the cochlear receptor.
Laryngeal Surgery
Laryngeal framework surgery is used to treat patients with vocal cord paralysis or laryngeal stenosis, to restore the original shape of their larynx. It also can be used to treat people who have had cancer, surgery that caused nerve damage or a trauma to the larynx.
Laryngectomy
A laryngectomy is a major surgery that is done to remove your voice box, or larynx. Your larynx is the part of your throat that contains your voice box. It's located at the upper end of your windpipe (trachea). Your larynx is important for breathing, swallowing, and speaking.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy is a procedure a doctor uses to look at the larynx (voice box), including the vocal cords, as well as nearby structures like the back of the throat.
Mastoidectomy
A mastoidectomy is surgery to remove cells in the hollow, air-filled spaces in the skull behind the ear within the mastoid bone. These cells are called mastoid air cells.
Middle Ear Analysis
A tympanometry measurement makes it possible to evaluate the middle ear mobility (compliance) in response to changes in air pressure and gives information about the air pressure status in the middle ear. The results of a tympanometry test are recorded on a graph called a tympanogram.
Myringoplasty
A myringoplasty is a surgery performed by an otolaryngologist to repair a hole in the eardrum. In this surgery, the hole is repaired by placing a graft made of either a small piece of tissue from elsewhere on the body, or a gel-like material.
Myringotomy
A myringotomy is a procedure to create a hole in the ear drum to allow fluid that is trapped in the middle ear to drain out. The fluid may be blood, pus and/or water. In many cases, a small tube is inserted into the hole in the ear drum to help maintain drainage.
Nasal Endoscopy
Nasal endoscopy is a procedure to look at the nasal and sinus passages. It's done with an endoscope. This is a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera and a light. An ear, nose, and throat doctor (otolaryngologist) will often do this procedure in his or her office.
Nasal Obstruction Treatment
Nasal Obstruction is anything that restricts airflow in and out of the nose affecting one or both nasal passages. Nasal obstruction is usually caused by either swelling of the nasal tissue or an anatomical blockage which results in a narrowing of the nasal cavity and the feeling of the passages being congested.
Nasal Polyps Removal
In endoscopic surgery, the surgeon inserts a small tube with a lighted magnifying lens or tiny camera (endoscope) into your nostrils and guides it into your sinus cavities. He or she uses tiny instruments to remove polyps and other substances that block the flow of fluids from your sinuses.
Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy
Nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, diagnostic medical procedure that uses a flexible fibre-optic endoscope to visualize the structures inside the nasal passages, including the sinus openings, the larynx, and the vocal cords. The type of endoscope used for this procedure is called a nasopharyngolaryngoscope.
Neck Dissection
Neck dissection is a major surgery done to remove lymph nodes that contain cancer. It is done in the hospital. Before surgery, you will receive general anesthesia. This will make you sleep and unable to feel pain.
Nose Fracture Treatment
A nose fracture is a break in the bone or cartilage over the bridge, or in the sidewall or septum (structure that divides the nostrils) of the nose. A nasal fracture is a break in the bone over the ridge of the nose. It usually results from a blunt injury and is one of the most common facial fracture.
Ossicular Chain Reconstruction
Ossicular chain reconstruction (also called middle ear bone surgery) can improve conductive hearing. It can be done to replace a damaged malleus or incus bone. During surgery, you will be given local anesthesia with sedation.
Parotid Surgery
A parotidectomy is the surgical excision (removal) of the parotid gland, the major and largest of the salivary glands. The procedure is most typically performed due to neoplasms (tumors), which are growths of rapidly and abnormally dividing cells. Neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Pediatric Tongue-Tie Surgery
A simple surgery called a frenotomy is an effective treatment for many children. A healthcare provider can often do this procedure in the office. The provider makes a cut in the frenulum. This lets the tongue move normally.
Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA) Treatment
A peritonsillar abscess, also known as a PTA, is collection of pus that is formed behind the tonsils. Unlike tonsillitis, which is more common in children, a peritonsillar abscess occurs just as frequently in adults as it does in children.
Radiofrequency Tissue Reduction of Turbinates
Radiofrequency turbinate reduction is a procedure in which a needle-like instrument is inserted into the turbinate and energy is transmitted to the tissue to cause a controlled damage, so by the time healing process occurs, the turbinates will be reduced, allowing improved airflow through the nose.
Salivary Gland Tumor Removal
Surgery for tumors in a sublingual gland involves removal (excision) of the entire gland. The sublingual glands are underneath your tongue on either side of the floor of your mouth. Your surgeon will make a cut (an incision) inside your mouth to remove the gland along with some of the surrounding tissue.
Salivary Stones Treatment
Salivary stones, also called sialolithiasis, are hardened mineral deposits that form in the salivary glands. The condition is more likely to affect people age 30 to 60 and men are more likely to get salivary stones than women.
Septoplasty
Septoplasty (SEP-toe-plas-tee) is a surgical procedure to straighten the bone and cartilage dividing the space between your two nostrils (septum). When the septum is crooked, it's known as a deviated septum.
Sinus Surgery
Sinus surgery is a group of procedures available to ENTs to help patients find relief from recurrent sinus infection or symptoms. Sometimes patients with abnormal growths or structures don't respond well to allergy treatments or antibiotics. Both methods are the first call to action to help patients find relief.
Sleep Apnea Surgery
Sleep surgery is a surgery performed to treat sleep disordered breathing. Sleep disordered breathing is a spectrum of disorders that includes snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Snoring Treatment Consultation
To diagnose sleep apnea, your doctor will observe your signs and symptoms, and will review your medical history. Your doctor will likewise do a physical examination.
Stapedectomy
A stapedectomy is surgery to treat hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. This condition affects your hearing by damaging your stape, a tiny U-shaped bone in your middle ear. Your stape helps you hear by sending sound waves from your middle ear to your inner ear.
Submandibular Gland Surgery
Submandibular gland removal is surgery to take out a saliva gland below the lower jaw. The gland may have been removed because of infection, a tumour, or a blocked saliva duct. A saliva duct is a tube that carries saliva from the gland into the mouth.
Thyroid Scan
A thyroid scan is a nuclear medicine examination that uses the emissions of gamma rays from radioactive iodine to help determine whether a patient has thyroid problems, including hyperthyroidism, cancer, or other growths.
Thyroidectomy
Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. It produces hormones that control every aspect of your metabolism, from your heart rate to how quickly you burn calories.
Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. A tonsillectomy was once a common procedure to treat infection and inflammation of the tonsils (tonsillitis).
Turbinate Surgery
Turbinate surgery, or inferior turbinate reduction, is a procedure where the inferior nasal turbinates are examined and reduced in size to provide improved nasal airflow. Surgery is typically performed through the nostrils on both sides of the nose.
Tympanoplasty
Tympanoplasty is a surgery to repair the eardrum. The eardrum is a thin layer of tissue that vibrates in response to sound.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is surgery to open the upper airways by taking out extra tissue in the throat. It may be done alone to treat mild obstructive sleep apnea or snoring or with other procedures to treat moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).
Uvulopalatoplasty
Uvulopalatoplasty is a surgical procedure performed with the aim of reducing or eliminating snoring. It is an out-patient procedure, in which a laser is used to remove parts or all of the uvula at the rear of the mouth. The surgery usually requires three to five visits, with each lasting less than 30 minutes.
Voice Restoration Surgery
Surgical voice restoration is a means of re-connecting the patient's pulmonary airflow to a vibratory source to produce a pseudo-voice.
Adenoidectomy
Adenoidectomy, often known as adenoid removal, is the medical term for the surgical removal of the adenoid glands. A denoids are an important part of the immune system, there are instances when they may become inflamed, swollen, and enlarged due to a persistent infection. This might be the result of an infection, an allergic reaction, or another factor.
Audiometry
An audiometry test looks at how well you can hear sounds. Sounds are different based on how loud they are (their intensity) and how fast their sound waves move (tone). When sound waves hit the nerves in the inner ear, we can hear. The sound is then sent to the brain along nerve pathways.
Nephrology 4 Services
Hydronephrosis Treatment
Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them. It can affect people of any age and is sometimes spotted in unborn babies during routine pregnancy ultrasound scans. This is known as antenatal hydronephrosis.
Kidney Dialysis
Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned.
Kidney Transplant (Living Related Donor)
A living-donor kidney transplant is when a kidney from a living donor is removed and placed into a recipient whose kidneys no longer function properly. Only one donated kidney is needed to replace two failed kidneys, which makes living-donor kidney transplant an alternative to deceased-donor kidney transplant.Jan
Nephrology Consultation
Nephrology (from Greek nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney ...
Neonatology 3 Services
Intersex Consultation
Intersex is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male. For example, a person might be born appearing to be female on the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the inside.
Neonatology Consultation
Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually practised in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Tracheoplasty
A slide tracheoplasty is a surgery done to make the airway larger. An incision is made on the chest to open up the airway and the heart. Cardiopulmonary bypass may be used to allow oxygen and blood flow to continue during the procedure.
Neurology 21 Services
Cauda Equina Syndrome Treatment
Cauda equina syndrome is best treated with decompression by a lumbar laminectomy, but a lumbar microdiscectomy may be used given a patient's unique situation. The patient will likely be kept in the hospital for a few days following the surgery to monitor recovery of motor and sensory function.
Cerebral Palsy Management
There is no cure for CP, but a child's quality of life can improve with: treatment that may involve medicine or surgery. therapy, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy. special equipment to help kids get around and communicate with others.
Dementia Management
Dementia is a general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia.
Epilepsy Consultation
Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of awareness. Anyone can develop epilepsy.
Epilepsy Treatment
Epilepsy is a common condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures. Seizures are bursts of electrical activity in the brain that temporarily affect how it works. They can cause a wide range of symptoms. Epilepsy can start at any age, but usually starts either in childhood or in people over 60.
Huntington's Disease Consultation
Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington's disease has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.
Migraine Treatment
A migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. It's often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Consultation
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Management
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Neurological Rehabilitation
Neurological rehabilitation (rehab) is a doctor-supervised program designed for people with diseases, injury, or disorders of the nervous system. Neurological rehab can often improve function, reduce symptoms, and improve the well-being of the patient.
Neurology Consultation
Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It has two major divisions: Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.
Pain Management
Pain Management is a medical approach that draws on disciplines in science and alternative healing to study the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pain.
Parkinson's Disease Consultation
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
Parkinson's Disease Treatment
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
Spina Bifida Consultation
Spina bifida is when a baby's spine and spinal cord does not develop properly in the womb, causing a gap in the spine. Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect. The neural tube is the structure that eventually develops into the baby's brain and spinal cord.
Stroke Consultation
A stroke is a serious life-threatening medical condition that happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Strokes are a medical emergency and urgent treatment is essential. The sooner a person receives treatment for a stroke, the less damage is likely to happen.
Torticollis Treatment
Torticollis is a problem involving the muscles of the neck that causes the head to tilt down. The term comes from two Latin words: tortus, which means twisted, and collum, which means neck. Sometimes it's called “wryneck.” If your baby has the condition at birth, it's called congenital muscular torticollis.
Trigeminal Neuralgia Treatment
Trigeminal neuralgia is sudden, severe facial pain. It's often described as a sharp shooting pain or like having an electric shock in the jaw, teeth or gums. It usually happens in short, unpredictable attacks that can last from a few seconds to about 2 minutes. The attacks stop as suddenly as they start.
Alzheimer's Disease Consultation
Your primary doctor, a doctor who specializes in brain problems (neurologist), or a doctor who knows how to treat older people (geriatrician) will look at your medical history, medications, and symptoms to figure out if you have Alzheimer's dementia. Your doctor will also do a number of tests on you.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Consultation
A neurologist will usually do tests to rule out many of the other things that could cause a patient's symptoms. How long it takes to make a diagnosis depends on the type of symptoms, how quickly or slowly they get worse or change, and what other diseases have to be ruled out.
Bell's Palsy Treatment
Bell's palsy is a disease that makes the muscles on one side of the face suddenly weak. Most of the time, the weakness is temporary and gets much better over a few weeks.
Nuclear Medicine 2 Services
Nuclear Medicine Consultation
Nuclear medicine is a specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure. Nuclear medicine imaging is a combination of many different disciplines.
Scintigraphy
A procedure that produces pictures (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where there are cancer cells. Scintigraphy is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease. A small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein or swallowed.
Ophthalmology 56 Services
Blowout Fracture Treatment
Most simple blowout fractures do not require surgical repair and do not cause lasting problems. Immediate treatment consists of: ice to decrease swelling. decongestants to aid in the drainage of blood and fluid accumulating in the sinuses.
Capsulotomy
Capsulotomy is a type of eye surgery in which an incision is made into the capsule of the crystalline lens of the eye. In modern cataract operations, the lens capsule is usually not removed.
Cataract Surgery
Cataract surgery is a procedure to remove the lens of your eye and, in most cases, replace it with an artificial lens. Normally, the lens of your eye is clear. A cataract causes the lens to become cloudy, which eventually affects your vision.
Chalazion Treatment
Treatment. Most chalazions require minimal medical treatment and clear up on their own in a few weeks to a month. Apply warm compresses to the eyelid for 10 to 15 minutes, 4 to 6 times a day for several days. The warm compresses may help soften the hardened oil that is blocking the ducts and allow drainage and healing.
Conjunctival Cyst Treatment
If your conjunctival cyst is affecting your vision or your quality of life, you and your doctor may decide on more aggressive treatment.
Corneal Abrasion Repair
A corneal abrasion is a scratch, scrape on the surface of your cornea. Fingernails, makeup brushes and tree branches are common culprits of corneal abrasions. Some other causes of corneal abrasion are rubbing your eye and having very dry eyes.
Corneal Cross-linking (CXL)
Corneal cross-linking with riboflavin and UV-A light is a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus, PMD, and post-LASIK ectasia. It is used in an attempt to make the cornea stronger. According to a 2015 Cochrane review, there is insufficient evidence to determine if it is useful in keratoconus.
Corneal Pachymetry
Corneal pachymetry is the process of measuring the thickness of the cornea. A pachymeter is a medical device used to measure the thickness of the eye's cornea.
Dacryoadenectomy
Dacryocystectomy is a well-established oculo plastics procedure that refers to a complete surgical extirpation of the lacrimal sac. It was first described by Woolhouse in 1724 and was the standard of care before the advent of dacryocystorhinostomy for management of dacryocystitis and lacrimal fistulas.
Detached Retina Treatment
Removing and replacing the jelly inside your eye (vitrectomy) attaching a small band around your eye to push the wall of your eye and retina closer together (scleral buckling) injecting a bubble of gas into your eye to push the retina against the back of your eye (pneumatic retinopexy)
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
For diabetic retinopathy that is threatening or affecting your sight, the main treatments are: laser treatment – to treat the growth of new blood vessels at the back of the eye (retina) in cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and to stabilise some cases of maculopathy.
Entropion/Ectropion Eyelid Repair
An entropion or ectropion repair is an operation to correct an eyelid that turns in or turns out. The operation should improve symptoms caused by entropion or ectropion.
Enucleation of the Eye
Enucleation is the surgical removal of the entire eyeball leaving behind the lining of the eyelids and muscles of the eye. Evisceration removes only the contents of the eye, leaving the white part of the eye (the sclera) and the eye muscles intact.
Exophthalmos Treatment
Exophthalmos, also known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs. It can affect 1 or both eyes and is most often caused by thyroid eye disease.
Eye Cancer Treatment
If the cancer starts inside the eyeball it's called intraocular cancer. The most common intraocular cancers in adults are melanoma and lymphoma. The most common eye cancer in children is retinoblastoma, which starts in the cells of the retina. Cancer can also spread to the eye from other parts of the body
Eye Examination
An eye examination is a series of tests performed to assess vision and ability to focus on and discern objects. It also includes other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes. Eye examinations are primarily performed by an optometrist, ophthalmologist, or an orthoptist.
Eye Implant
The bionic vision system consists of a camera, attached to a pair of glasses, which transmits high-frequency radio signals to a microchip implanted in the retina. Electrodes on the implanted chip convert these signals into electrical impulses to stimulate cells in the retina that connect to the optic nerve.
Eye Muscle Repair
Eye muscle repair is surgery to correct eye muscle problems that cause strabismus (crossed eyes). Strabismus surgery corrects and aligns the muscles of the eye. The conjunctiva links the eyeball to the eye socket. The external muscles of the eye are found behind the conjunctiva.
Fluorescein Angiogram
A fluorescein angiography is a medical procedure in which a fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream. The dye highlights the blood vessels in the back of the eye so they can be photographed. This test is often used to manage eye disorders.
Glaucoma Treatment
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness for people over the age of 60.
Intracorneal Ring Segment (ICRS) Implantation
Intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation represents a modern, minimally invasive, surgical option for visual improvement in patients with keratoconus. ICRS modify the corneal geometry in a manner that enhances its refractive properties and thereby, they improve visual acuity.
Intraocular Lens (IOL) Implant
An intraocular lens implant is an artificial replacement for the lens of your eye. It's part of the surgery to fix cataracts.
Intravitreal Injection
An intravitreal injection is a shot of medicine into the eye. The inside of the eye is filled with a jelly-like fluid (vitreous). During this procedure, your health care provider injects medicine into the vitreous, near the retina at the back of the eye.
Iridectomy
An iridectomy, also known as a surgical iridectomy or corectomy, is the surgical removal of part of the iris. These procedures are most frequently performed in the treatment of closed-angle glaucoma and iris melanoma.
Iridodialysis Treatment
Iridodialysis is the disinsertion of the iris from the scleral spur. It is in contrast from cyclodialysis, which is disinsertion of the ciliary body from the scleral spur. This patient suffers from monocular diplopia and glare.
Iridoplasty
Iridoplasty, also known as gonioplasty, uses low-energy laser burns to the peripheral iris in order to widen the anterior chamber angle and/or break peripheral anterior synechiae.
Iris Repair Surgery
Iris surgeries come in the form of iris repair (iridoplasty) or an iris prosthesis. Iris repair often involves the use of sutures inside the eye to reshape the iris to its original shape, re-creating a round pupil. Sometimes the surgeon may cut some of the existing iris to help improve the appearance.
Keratoprosthesi
Keratoprosthesis is a surgical procedure where a diseased cornea is replaced with an artificial cornea. Traditionally, keratoprosthesis is recommended after a person has had a failure of one or more donor corneal transplants.
Laser Coagulation
Laser photocoagulation is eye surgery using a laser to shrink or destroy abnormal structures in the retina, or to intentionally cause scarring.
Laser Eye Surgery (LASEK)
LASEK is an eye surgery that combines many of the benefits of other vision correction surgeries. Laser epithelial keratomileusis, or LASEK, combines benefits of the two most commonly performed procedures -- LASIK and PRK. LASEK eye surgery is used to treat astigmatism, nearsightedness, or farsightedness.
Laser Eye Surgery (LASIK)
Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) can be an alternative to glasses or contact lenses. During LASIK surgery, a special type of cutting laser is used to precisely change the shape of the dome-shaped clear tissue at the front of your eye (cornea) to improve vision.
Macular Hole Surgery
A macular hole can often be repaired using an operation called a vitrectomy. The operation is successful in closing the hole in around 9 out of 10 people who've had the hole for less than 6 months. If the hole has been present for a year or longer, the success rate will be lower.
Ocular Biometry
Ocular biometry is a test that measures the dimensions of the eyeball: the axial length (distance between the anterior and posterior parts of the eye) and the depth of the anterior chamber (part between the cornea and the iris and lens).
Ophthalmology Consultation
Ophthalmology is the study of medical conditions relating to the eye. Ophthalmologists are doctors who specialize in the medical and surgical treatment of this organ.
Optic Neuropathy Treatment
Optic neuropathy is a catch-all term that refers to damage inflicted on the optic nerve in your eye. This is the nerve in the back of the eyeball that transfers visual information from your eye to the brain, allowing you to see. This condition is one that gets worse over time, when not treated.
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive diagnostic instrument used for imaging the retina. It is the technology for the future because it can enhance patient care. It has the ability to detect problems in the eye prior to any symptoms being present in the patient.
Phototherapeutic Keratectomy (PTK)
Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) is a type of eye surgery that uses a laser to treat various ocular disorders by removing tissue from the cornea. PTK allows the removal of superficial corneal opacities and surface irregularities.
Pinguecula Treatment
Pinguecula is an abnormal growth of tissue on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white of the eye. A pinguecula is a yellowish raised growth on the conjunctiva typically adjacent to the border where the colored part of the eye meets the white part of the eye.
Presbyopia Treatment
Presbyopia is the gradual loss of your eyes' ability to focus on nearby objects. It's a natural, often annoying part of aging. Presbyopia usually becomes noticeable in your early to mid-40s and continues to worsen until around age 65.
Pterygium Surgery
Pterygium surgery is a procedure performed to remove noncancerous conjunctiva growths (pterygia) from the eye. The conjunctiva is the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. Some cases of a pterygium produce little to no symptoms.
Recurrent Corneal Erosion Treatment
Recurrent Corneal Erosion (RCE) syndrome is a common, recurrent condition caused by abnormal epithelial adhesion to the underlying basal lamina. The spontaneous breakdown of the corneal epithelium can lead to the sudden onset of ocular pain, blurred vision, tearing, and photophobia, typically upon awakening.
Refractive Eye Surgery
Refractive eye surgery is optional eye surgery used to improve the refractive state of the eye and decrease or eliminate dependency on glasses or contact lenses. This can include various methods of surgical remodeling of the cornea (keratomileusis), lens implantation or lens replacement.
Retinitis Pigmentosa Treatment
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of related eye disorders that cause progressive vision loss. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye . In people with retinitis pigmentosa, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) is a relatively new refractive procedure designed to treat a multitude of refractive errors such as myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism.
Staphyloma Treatment
A staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball. The protrusion is generally black in colour, due to the inner layers of the eye. It occurs due to weakening of outer layer of eye (cornea or sclera) by an inflammatory or degenerative condition.
Strabismus Treatment
Strabismus (crossed eyes) is a condition in which the eyes do not line up with one another. In other words, one eye is turned in a direction that is different from the other eye. Under normal conditions, the six muscles that control eye movement work together and point both eyes at the same direction.
Tear Duct Surgery
A dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgery that creates a new path for tears to drain between your eyes and your nose. You may need this surgery if your tear duct has become blocked.
Trabeculectomy
Trabeculectomy is a type of glaucoma surgery performed on the eye that creates a new pathway for fluid inside the eye to be drained. This is an outpatient procedure performed in the operating room. It is used to prevent worsening of vision loss due to glaucoma by lowering eye pressure.
Vitrectomy
A vitrectomy is a type of eye surgery to treat various problems with the retina and vitreous. During the surgery, your surgeon removes the vitreous and replaces it with another solution. The vitreous is a gel-like substance that fills the middle portion of your eye.
Xanthelasma Removal
Xanthelasma is a well-circumscribed flat or slightly elevated yellowish growth that typically occurs on or around the eyelids. It is made up of cholesterol deposits that accumulate underneath the skin and is usually an obvious clinical diagnosis.
Amniotic Membrane Transplant
Amniotic membrane, or amnion, is the innermost layer of the placenta. It is made up of a thick basement membrane and an avascular stromal matrix. Different types of surgery have used amniotic membrane transplantation as a graft or a dressing.
Anti-VEGF Therapy
Anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, also called anti–VEGF therapy or medication, is the use of drugs that block angiogenesis. This is done to treat some types of cancer and macular degeneration caused by getting older.
Astigmatism Correction
Eyeglasses, contact lenses, and even refractive surgery are all viable options for astigmatism treatment. In certain cases, cataract surgery may be able to rectify the issue.
Band Keratopathy Treatment
Band Keratopathy is a type of corneal degeneration that is usually caused by calcium deposits in the sub-epithelium, Bowman's layer, and anterior stroma that look like fine dust. It usually looks like a cloudy band that goes from the edge of the cornea to the middle.
Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB) Treatment
Injections of botulinum toxin, which may relax the muscles and put an end to spasms, are the recommended course of therapy for the majority of instances with BEB. Other treatment options include drugs or surgery, either local surgery of the eye muscles or deep brain stimulation surgery. Both of these procedures are considered invasive procedures.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Treatment
AMD is an eye disease that can make it hard to see clearly in the center of your field of vision. It happens when damage to the macula, which is the part of the eye that controls clear, straight-on vision, is caused by getting older. Part of the retina is the macula.
Oncology 98 Services
Bile Duct Cancer Treatment
Treatment of resectable distal bile duct cancer may include: Surgery to remove the cancer, which may include a Whipple procedure. Stent placement or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage as palliative therapy, to relieve jaundice and other symptoms and improve the quality of life
Bladder Cancer Treatment
Bladder cancer treatment may include: Surgery, to remove the cancer cells. Chemotherapy in the bladder (intravesical chemotherapy), to treat cancers that are confined to the lining of the bladder but have a high risk of recurrence or progression to a higher stage.
Blastoma Treatment
Blastoma treatments are similar to those for other types of cancer and include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy is a type of internal radiation therapy in which seeds, ribbons, or capsules that contain a radiation source are placed in your body, in or near the tumor. Brachytherapy is a local treatment and treats only a specific part of your body.
Brainstem Glioma Treatment
Brain stem glioma is a type of central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) tumor. This type of tumor begins when healthy cells in the brain stem change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign.
Breast Cancer Treatment
Surgery is usually the first type of treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you have will depend on the type of breast cancer you have. Surgery is usually followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy or, in some cases, hormone or targeted therapies.
Cancer Marker Blood Test
Tumor marker tests use a sample of blood to look for chemicals made by cancer cells. These tests don't always help with diagnosing cancer because many healthy cells also make these chemicals. And some conditions that aren't cancer can cause high levels of tumor markers
Cancer Screening
Cancer screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. Screening tests can help find cancer at an early stage, before symptoms appear. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat or cure.
Cancer Staging
Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent to which a cancer has developed by growing and spreading. Contemporary practice is to assign a number from I to IV to a cancer, with I being an isolated cancer and IV being a cancer that has spread to the limit of what the assessment measures
Castleman Disease Treatment
Unicentric Castleman disease can be cured by surgically removing the diseased lymph node. If the lymph node is in your chest or abdomen — which is often the case — major surgery may be required. If surgical removal isn't possible, medication may be used to shrink the lymph node.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Lymphoma Treatment
Treatment of newly diagnosed primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma may include the following: Whole-brain radiation therapy. Chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy. Targeted therapy alone (rituximab, nivolumab, or ibrutinib).
Cervical Cancer Treatment
Most early-stage cervical cancers are treated with a radical hysterectomy operation, which involves removing the cervix, uterus, part of the vagina and nearby lymph nodes.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body. Many different chemotherapy drugs are available.
Chondroblastoma Treatment
The goal for treatment of chondroblastoma is to remove the tumor and prevent damage to the end of the affected bone.
Chondrosarcoma Treatment
Chondrosarcomas is a group of rare bone cancer tumors that begin in your cartilage. Cartilage is soft connective tissue that allows movement between your bones and joints. The most common treatment is surgery to remove cancerous tissue and bone.
Chordoma Treatment
The primary treatment for chordoma is surgical excision with wide local margins, when possible. Radiotherapy also plays a significant role in the adjuvant setting and when surgery is not possible.
Choroid Plexus Tumor Treatment
The first treatment for choroid plexus tumors is surgery, if possible. The goal of surgery is to obtain tissue to determine the tumor type and to remove as much tumor as possible without causing more symptoms for the person. Treatments after surgery may include radiation, chemotherapy, or clinical trials.
Chronic Leukemia Treatment
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and tends to progress slowly over many years. It mostly affects people over the age of 60 and is rare in people under 40. Children are almost never affected.
Colon/Bowel Cancer Treatment
Treatment for colon cancer usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, might also be recommended.
Craniopharyngioma Treatment
A rare, benign (not cancer) brain tumor that usually forms near the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Craniopharyngiomas are slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the brain or to other parts of the body.
CyberKnife Treatment
CyberKnife, also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), is a non-surgical solution which destroys tumors by aiming beams of radiation at them from multiple directions while sparing healthy tissues.
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor Treatment
The most common DNET treatment is to remove the tumor surgically. Because it is a benign tumor, and prognosis is good even if not the entire tumor is not removed, radiation and chemotherapy are not used.
Endometrial Cancer Treatment
Treatment for endometrial cancer is usually with surgery to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Another option is radiation therapy with powerful energy. Drug treatments for endometrial cancer include chemotherapy with powerful drugs and hormone therapy to block hormones that cancer cells rely on.
Ependymoblastoma Treatment
Ependymoblastoma is a highly malignant brain cancer of childhood and is usually seen in the very young child or infant. It is rare among brain cancers in general, but these brain cancers are the second most common malignancy in the childhood age group, second only to leukemia.
Ependymoma Treatment
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Esophageal Cancer Treatment
Esophageal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the esophagus. Smoking, heavy alcohol use, and Barrett esophagus can increase the risk of esophageal cancer. Signs and symptoms of esophageal cancer are weight loss and painful or difficult swallowing.
Gallbladder Cancer Treatment
Gallbladder cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that lies just under the liver in the upper abdomen.
Ganglioglioma Treatment
Ganglioglioma is a very rare type of glioma brain tumour that contains a mixture of neuronal and glial cells, and hence is part of a group of tumours classified as mixed neuronal-glial tumours. Neuronal cells are those that form the neurons in the brain, which primarily carry information.
Germ Cell Tumor (GCT) Treatment
Germ cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ-cell tumors can be cancerous or benign. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads (ovary and testis). GCTs that originate outside the gonads may be birth defects resulting from errors during development of the embryo.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) Treatment
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Hematology Oncology Consultation
Hematology-oncology is the overlap of these two specialist branches of medicine concerned with diagnosing, treating and studying cancers of the blood cells, bone marrow and related tissues.
High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a non-invasive therapy that uses focused ultrasound waves to thermally ablate a portion of tissue, meaning the tissue is destroyed using intense heat.
Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment
The main treatments for Hodgkin lymphoma are chemotherapy alone, or chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy. Occasionally, chemotherapy may be combined with steroid medicine. Surgery isn't generally used to treat the condition, except for the biopsy used to diagnose it.
Hormone Therapy for Cancer
Hormone therapy is used to treat cancers that use hormones to grow, such as some prostate and breast cancers. Hormone therapy is a cancer treatment that slows or stops the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow. Hormone therapy is also called hormonal therapy, hormone treatment, or endocrine therapy.Apr 29, 2015
Hyperthermia Therapy
Hyperthermia is an abnormally high body temperature. Also called heat illnesses, there are several forms of hyperthermia. Heat cramps are fairly mild, whereas heat exhaustion is more severe. Heatstroke is the most serious form of hyperthermia and can be life-threatening.
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC)
Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) surgery is a two-step procedure that treats certain cancers in the abdomen. Cancerous tumors are surgically removed, and then heated chemotherapy drugs are applied directly inside the abdomen to eliminate the remaining cancerous cells.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. The immune system helps your body fight infections and other diseases. It is made up of white blood cells and organs and tissues of the lymph system. Immunotherapy is a type of biological therapy.
Ion Beam Cancer Therapy
For certain kinds of cancer, the most effective therapy does not use x-rays or gamma rays but beams of ions, the electrically charged cores of atoms, including hydrogen ions (protons) and heavier ions such as carbon and neon.
Kaposi's Sarcoma Treatment
Surgery, including local excision or electrodesiccation and curettage. Cryosurgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy using one or more anticancer drugs.
Laryngeal Cancer Treatment
Laryngeal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the larynx. Use of tobacco products and drinking too much alcohol can affect the risk of laryngeal cancer. Signs and symptoms of laryngeal cancer include a sore throat and ear pain.
Lung Cancer Treatment
Lung cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.
Male Breast Cancer Treatment
Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the breast tissue of men. Though breast cancer is most commonly thought of as a disease that affects women, breast cancer does occur in men. Male breast cancer is most common in older men, though it can occur at any age.
Malignant Mesothelioma Treatment
Malignant mesothelioma is a cancer of the thin tissue (mesothelium) that lines the lung, chest wall, and abdomen. The major risk factor for mesothelioma is asbestos exposure. Explore the links on this page to learn more about malignant mesothelioma treatment and clinical trials.
Medulloblastoma Treatment
Medulloblastoma is the most common type of cancerous brain tumor in children. Medulloblastoma (muh-dul-o-blas-TOE-muh) is a cancerous (malignant) brain tumor that starts in the lower back part of the brain, called the cerebellum.
Medulloepithelioma Treatment
Medulloepithelioma is a rare, primitive, fast-growing brain tumour thought to stem from cells of the embryonic medullary cavity. Tumours originating in the ciliary body of the eye are referred to as embryonal medulloepitheliomas, or diktyomas.
Meningioma Treatment
A meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meninges — the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Although not technically a brain tumor, it is included in this category because it may compress or squeeze the adjacent brain, nerves and vessels.
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma (MAC) Treatment
MICROCYSTIC adnexal carcinoma (MAC), or sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma, is an uncommon cutaneous malignant neoplasm that is associated with significant morbidity in light of its propensity for local invasion. As implied by its names, MAC exhibits small keratinizing cysts and well-defined ducts.
Mixed Glioma Treatment
Mixed gliomas (also called oligo-astrocytomas) are made up of more than one type of glial cell. Their diagnosis as a distinct tumor type is controversial and may be resolved with genetic screening of tumor tissue. These tumors are often found in the cerebrum and are most common in adult men.
Mohs Skin Cancer Surgery
Mohs surgery is a precise surgical technique used to treat skin cancer. During Mohs surgery, thin layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains. Mohs surgery is also known as Mohs micrographic surgery.
Molecular Profiling
Molecular profiling—or “tumor genomic profiling”—is a form of testing that classifies tumors based on this genetic make-up to help diagnose and treat cancer. Using a blood test or biopsy, this testing examines the DNA of cancer cells, looking for genetic mutations that have been acquired by these cells.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treatment
Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of disorders caused by blood cells that are poorly formed or don't work properly. Myelodysplastic syndromes result from something amiss in the spongy material inside your bones where blood cells are made (bone marrow).
Oligodendroglioma Treatment
Oligodendroglioma is a tumor that can occur in the brain or spinal cord. Oligodendroglioma forms from oligodendrocytes — cells in the brain and spinal cord that produce a substance that protects nerve cells. Oligodendroglioma can occur at any age, but most often affects adults.
Oncology Consultation
Oncology is the study of cancer. An oncologist is a doctor who treats cancer and provides medical care for a person diagnosed with cancer. An oncologist may also be called a cancer specialist. The field of oncology has 3 major areas based on treatments: medical oncology, radiation oncology, and surgical oncology.
Oral Cancer Treatment
Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, is where a tumour develops in a part of the mouth. It may be on the surface of the tongue, the inside of the cheeks, the roof of the mouth (palate), the lips or gums.
Osteoblastoma Treatment
Osteoblastoma is a slow-growing tumor that dissolves normal, healthy bone and makes a new type of abnormal bone material called osteoid. This osteoid bone material builds up around normal bone. Because the osteoid bone is weaker than normal bone, the area surrounding the tumor becomes more vulnerable to fracture.
Osteosarcoma Treatment
Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer that begins in the cells that form bones. Osteosarcoma is most often found in the long bones — more often the legs, but sometimes the arms — but it can start in any bone. In very rare instances, it occurs in soft tissue outside the bone.
Ovarian Cancer Treatment
Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. The ovaries — each about the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Ovarian cancer is a growth of cells that forms in the ovaries. The cells multiply quickly and can invade and destroy healthy body tissue.
Pancoast Tumor Treatment
A Pancoast tumor is a rare form of lung cancer. This type of tumor is located at the very top (apex) of the right or left lung. As the tumor grows, it can invade surrounding nerves, muscles, lymph nodes, connective tissue, upper ribs, and upper vertebrae. This causes severe pain in the shoulder and arm.
Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Pancreatic cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the pancreas. Pancreatic cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas — an organ in your abdomen that lies behind the lower part of your stomach. Your pancreas releases enzymes that aid digestion and produces hormones that help manage your blood sugar.
Pancreatic Islet Cell Tumor Treatment
Pancreatic islet cell tumors are rare types of hormone-producing tumors that form in tissues of the pancreas. The cells of the pancreas cluster together in small groups, called islets, throughout the pancreas. When a tumor occurs in one of these clusters, it is called an islet cell tumor. It may be benign or cancerous.
Paranasal Sinus and Nasal Cavity Cancer Treatment
Paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. "Paranasal" means near the nose. The para sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces in the bones around the nose.
Pediatric Oncology
A pediatric hematologist/oncologist is a physician who has special training and experience to diagnose and treat blood disorders and cancers in children, teens, and young adults.
Penile Cancer Treatment
Penile cancer is a rare cancer in the UK. It happens when abnormal penile cells grow in an uncontrolled way. It can develop anywhere on the penis but is most common under the foreskin in men who haven't been circumcised or on the head of the penis (the glans).
Pineoblastoma Treatment
Pineoblastoma is a type of cancerous (malignant) tumor that grows in a part of the brain known as the pineal gland. It occurs mainly in children. Symptoms of pineoblastoma include a buildup of fluid around the brain ( hydrocephalus ), headaches, nausea, and difficulty with eye movement.
Plasmacytoma Treatment
Plasmacytoma is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which a plasma cell tumour grows within soft tissue or within the axial skeleton. The International Myeloma Working Group lists three types: solitary plasmacytoma of bone (SPB); extramedullary plasmacytoma (EP), and multiple plasmacytomas that are either primary or recurrent.
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Treatment
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (APXA) are two types of very rare astrocytomas. They are primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors. This means they begin in the brain or spinal cord.
Primary Bone Cancer Treatment
Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
Prostate Cancer Treatment
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer.
Proton Therapy
Proton therapy, also known as proton beam therapy, is a form of radiation treatment used to destroy tumor cells. Instead of using x-rays like regular radiation treatment, it uses protons to sends beams of high energy that can target tumors more precisely than X-ray radiation.
Radiosurgery Cancer Treatment
A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely give a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated by regular surgery.
Radiotherapy Consultation
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones.
Radiotherapy
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones.
Salivary Gland Cancer Treatment
Salivary gland cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the salivary glands. Being exposed to certain types of radiation may increase the risk of salivary cancer. Signs of salivary gland cancer include a lump or trouble swallowing.
Schwannoma Treatment
Schwannoma is a rare type of tumor that forms in the nervous system. Schwannoma grows from cells called Schwann cells. Schwann cells protect and support the nerve cells of the nervous system. Schwannoma tumors are often benign, which means they are not cancer. But, in rare cases, they can become cancer.
Skin Cancer Treatment
Skin cancer — the abnormal growth of skin cells — most often develops on skin exposed to the sun. But this common form of cancer can also occur on areas of your skin not ordinarily exposed to sunlight. There are three major types of skin cancer — basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
Small Intestine Cancer Treatment
Small intestine cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the small intestine. The small intestine is part of the body's digestive system, which also includes the esophagus, stomach, and large intestine.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment
Soft tissue sarcoma is a broad term for cancers that start in soft tissues (muscle, tendons, fat, lymph and blood vessels, and nerves). These cancers can develop anywhere in the body but are found mostly in the arms, legs, chest, and abdomen.
Spinal Cord Tumor Treatment
Spinal tumors or growths of any kind can lead to pain, neurological problems and sometimes paralysis. A spinal tumor can be life-threatening and cause permanent disability. Treatment for a spinal tumor may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or other medications.
Stomach Cancer Treatment
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years. Stomach cancer is most often seen in people in their late 60s through 80s.
Teratoma Treatment
A teratoma is a rare type of germ cell tumor that may contain immature or fully formed tissue, including teeth, hair, bone and muscle. Teratomas may be cancerous or noncancerous, and they can affect people of all ages. Treatment involves surgical removal.
Testicular Cancer Treatment
Testicular cancer is a disease that occurs when cancerous (malignant) cells develop in the tissues of a testicle. The development of cancerous cells in both testicles can occur, but is very rare. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 20 to 35. The disease usually is curable.
Thymus Cancer Treatment
Thymoma and thymic carcinoma are diseases in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the thymus. Thymoma and thymic carcinoma, also called thymic epithelial tumors (TETs), are two types of rare cancers that can form in the cells that cover the outside surface of the thymus.
Thyroid Cancer Treatment
Thyroid cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the thyroid gland. Thyroid nodules are common but usually are not cancer. There are different types of thyroid cancer. Age, gender, and being exposed to radiation can affect the risk of thyroid cancer.
Treatment for Cancer of Unknown Primary (CUP)
Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the body but the place the cancer began is not known. Cancer can form in any tissue of the body. The primary cancer (the cancer that first formed) can spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment for Paraneoplastic Syndromes
A paraneoplastic syndrome is a syndrome (a set of signs and symptoms) that is the consequence of a tumor in the body (usually a cancerous one), specifically due to the production of chemical signaling molecules (such as hormones or cytokines) by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor.
Treatment of Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors
Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, most often in the appendix, small intestine, or rectum. Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors form from a certain type of neuroendocrine cell (a type of cell that is like a nerve cell and a hormone-making cell)
Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. Genetic factors can increase the risk of having a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Signs of gastrointestinal stromal tumors include blood in the stool or vomit.
Uterine Sarcoma Treatment
Uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus. Past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis can increase the risk of uterine sarcoma. Signs of uterine sarcoma include abnormal bleeding.
Vaginal Cancer Treatment
Vaginal cancer is a very rare cancer that's found anywhere in the vagina. The vagina is a tube between the vulva and the opening of the womb (cervix). Vaginal cancer is nearly always caused by an infection from certain types of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
Vulvar Cancer Treatment
Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface area of the female genitalia. The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina, including the clitoris and labia. Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching.
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Treatment
Waldenström macroglobulinemia is a rare blood cell cancer characterized by an excess of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. These abnormal cells have characteristics of both white blood cells (lymphocytes ) called B cells and more mature cells derived from B cells known as plasma cells.
Whipple Procedure
A Whipple procedure — also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy — is a complex operation to remove the head of the pancreas, the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), the gallbladder and the bile duct. The Whipple procedure is used to treat tumors and other disorders of the pancreas, intestine and bile duct.
Wilms' Tumor Treatment
Wilms tumor is a type of childhood cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. About 9 of 10 kidney cancers in children are Wilms tumors.
Adrenal Cancer Treatment
The removal of all of the cancerous tissue during surgery is the typical therapy for adrenal cancer. If surgery is not an option or if the cancer is unable to be removed surgically, there are other therapies that may be used.
Acute Leukemia Treatment
The malignancy of the white blood cells is known as leukemia. Acute leukemia is characterized by rapid and severe disease progression, as well as the typical need for prompt therapy. The subtype of acute leukemia that a patient has is determined by the white blood cells that are impacted.
Anal Cancer Treatment
Chemoradiation, which is a mix of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is the main way to treat anal cancer. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy on their own, or surgery, are also ways to treat cancer. The experts who are taking care of you will explain the treatments, as well as their benefits and risks.
Angiosarcoma Treatment
Chemotherapy is the main way to treat angiosarcoma that has spread to other parts of the body, even though many of the drugs used in treatment are toxic.
Astrocytoma Treatment
The size and size of the cancer, how it looks like under a microscope, and how far it has spread all affect the treatment. The standard treatment is surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, either before or after surgery and radiation therapy. If surgery can't be done, radiation and chemotherapy may be suggested as alternatives.
Orthopedics 125 Services
Bone Fracture Treatment
Treatment includes immobilising the bone with a plaster cast, or surgically inserting metal rods or plates to hold the bone pieces together. Some complicated fractures may need surgery and surgical traction.
Boutonniere Deformity Treatment
The most common treatment for boutonniere deformity involves stabilizing your finger with a splint that rests on the middle joint. The splint creates pressure to straighten and immobilize the finger.
Bow Legs Treatment
The bowed legs can be corrected gradually using an adjustable frame. The surgeon cuts the bone and connects an adjustable external frame to it with wires and pins.
Bunion Surgery
For a severe bunion, surgery may involve removing the enlarged portion of the bone, cutting and realigning the bone, and correcting the position of the tendons and ligaments. Arthritic bunion or big toe joint. If the joint is damaged beyond repair, as is often seen in arthritis, it may need to be fused.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgery
During carpal tunnel release, a surgeon makes an incision in the palm of your hand over the carpal tunnel ligament and cuts through the ligament to relieve pressure on the median nerve. The surgery may be done by making one incision on the palm side of the wrist, or by making several small incisions.
Chondroma Treatment
Curettage describes a procedure in which a tumor is surgically scraped out of the bone, leaving a cavity that is then packed with either donor bone tissue (allograft), bone chips taken from another bone (autograft), or other materials depending on the preference of the surgeon.
Clubfoot Treatment
Treatment for club foot usually starts within 1 to 2 weeks of your baby being born. The main treatment, called the Ponseti method, involves gently manipulating and stretching your baby's foot into a better position. It's then put into a cast. This is repeated every week for about 5 to 8 weeks.
Coccydynia Treatment
Direct trauma to the tailbone is the most common cause of coccydynia, and usually leads to inflammation surrounding the coccyx, which contributes to pain and discomfort. There are many cases reported in which pain begins with no identifiable origin (called idiopathic coccydynia).
Compartment Syndrome Treatment
Acute compartment syndrome must be treated in hospital using a surgical procedure called an emergency fasciotomy. The doctor or surgeon makes an incision to cut open your skin and fascia surrounding the muscles to immediately relieve the pressure inside the muscle compartment.
Congenital Hip Dislocation Treatment
It may be concluded that in this age group congenital hip dislocation is best treated by non-surgical reduction, possibly followed by surgery of the femur and acetabulum. Surgical reduction was only indicated when conservative methods failed.
Core Decompression of the Hip
Hip core decompression is a surgical procedure used to treat osteonecrosis, or avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. It involves drilling one larger hole, or several smaller holes into the dead bone of the femoral head (top of thigh bone) in order to relieve pressure in the bone.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition that involves pressure or stretching of the ulnar nerve (also known as the “funny bone” nerve), which can cause numbness or tingling in the ring and small fingers, pain in the forearm, and/or weakness in the hand.
De Quervain Syndrome Treatment
Applying heat or ice to the affected area. Taking a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). These include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve). Avoiding activities that cause pain and swelling. Especially avoid those that involve repetitive hand and wrist motions.
Dislocated Elbow Treatment
Simple elbow dislocations are treated by keeping the elbow immobile in a splint or sling for 1 to 3 weeks, followed by early motion exercises. If the elbow is kept immobile for a long time, the ability to move the elbow fully (range of motion) may be affected.
Dislocated Hip Treatment
The most important treatment of a dislocated hip is to properly position the ball back in the socket, which is called a joint reduction. 2 In order to reposition the hip joint, the patient will often require general anesthesia.
Dislocated Shoulder Treatment
A shoulder dislocation is an injury that happens when the ball pops out of your socket. A dislocation may be partial, where the ball is only partially out of the socket. It can also be a full dislocation, where the ball is completely out of the socket.
Dupuytren's Contracture Treatment
Dupuytren's contracture is when 1 or more fingers bend in towards your palm. There's no cure, but your fingers can be straightened if it's severe.
Elbow Arthroscopy
Elbow arthroscopy is a minimally invasive technique used by orthopaedic surgeons to diagnose and treat a range of conditions affecting the joint. As in other joints, arthroscopy of the elbow involves the use of fiberoptics and a tiny camera that is inserted through small incisions or portals.
Elbow Pain Treatment
By Mayo Clinic Staff. Elbow pain is often caused by overuse. Many sports, hobbies and jobs require repetitive hand, wrist or arm movements. Elbow pain may occasionally be due to arthritis, but in general, your elbow joint is much less prone to wear-and-tear damage than are many other joints.
Elbow Replacement
Elbow replacement involves surgically replacing bones that make up the elbow joint with artificial elbow joint parts (prosthetic components). The artificial joint consists of two stems made of high-quality metal. They are joined together with a metal and plastic hinge that allows the artificial elbow joint to bend.
Elbow Sprain Treatment
An elbow sprain can occur when your arm is quickly bent or twisted in an unnatural position. It can also happen when the ligaments are overloaded during regular movement. Elbow sprains can happen when: You fall with your arm stretched out, such as when playing sports.
Elbow Surgery
Elbow replacement surgery (sometimes referred to as total elbow arthroplasty) is an operation that surgeons use to relieve pain and restore motion to a damaged elbow. During this surgery, a doctor replaces your elbow joint with an artificial joint. Elbow replacement surgery does not always involve the entire elbow.
Exostosis Treatment
An exostosis is an extra growth of bone that extends outward from an existing bone. Common types of exostoses include bone spurs, which are bony growths also known as osteophytes. An exostosis can occur on any bone, but is often found in the feet, hip region, or ear canal.
External Fracture Fixation
External fixation is a process for fracture fixation by which pins or wires are inserted into bone percutaneously and held together via an external scaffold. Initially described by Malgaigne in 1853, external fixation was proposed as an alternative to immobilization in plaster cast, traction, or internal fixation.
Femur Fracture Treatment
A broken thighbone, also known as a femur fracture, is a serious and painful injury. The femur is one of the strongest bones in the body, and a break or fracture in the femur bone is often caused by severe injury such as trauma sustained in a motor vehicle accident.
Foot Surgery
Foot and ankle surgery is a subspecialty of orthopedics and podiatry that deals with the treatment, diagnosis and prevention of disorders of the foot and ankle.
Fracture Treatment
The initial management of fractures consists of realignment of the broken limb segment (if grossly deformed) and then immobilizing the fractured extremity in a splint. The distal neurologic and vascular status must be clinically assessed and documented before and after realignment and splinting.Mar 31, 2022
Fractured Shoulder Treatment
A shoulder fracture is a break or a crack in one of the three following bones; the clavicle, scapula or the proximal humerus. In the latter case, it would be called a broken shoulder. The humerus can be broken in many places and the fracture is normally described by its location.
Frozen Shoulder Treatment
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen over time and then resolve, usually within one to three years.
Ganglion Cyst Removal
Ganglion cyst removal is usually an outpatient procedure and may be performed under local or general anesthesia. Before surgery, your doctor may draw a line above the cyst to mark the incision location. During the surgery, your doctor numbs the treatment area and cuts along the line with a scalpel.
Hammer, Claw, or Mallet Toe Treatment
A hammertoe has an abnormal bend in the middle joint of a toe. Mallet toe affects the joint nearest the toenail. Hammertoe and mallet toe usually occur in your second, third and fourth toes. Relieving the pain and pressure of hammertoe and mallet toe may involve changing your footwear and wearing shoe inserts.
Hand Joints Synovectomy
Synovectomy: This surgery is usually indicated for early cases of inflammatory arthritis where there is significant swelling (synovitis) that is causing pain or is limiting the range of motion of digits and thumb. Synovectomy is a surgical removal of the inflamed synovium (tissue lining the joint).
Hand Surgery
Hand surgery is the field of medicine that deals with problems of the hand, wrist, and forearm. Hand surgeons care for these problems with and without surgery. They are specially trained to operate when necessary.
Hip Arthroplasty
Hip replacement, also called hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to address hip pain. The surgery replaces parts of the hip joint with artificial implants. The hip joint consists of a ball (at the top of the femur, also known as the thigh bone) and a socket (in the pelvis, also known as the hip bone).
Hip Arthroscopy
Hip arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgery used to treat issues in your hip. Your surgeon will make a few small incisions (cuts) in the skin of your hip then insert a special tool called an arthroscope into your hip joint.
Hip Cartilage Damage Treatment
The commonly performed surgical procedures include arthroscopic lavage and debridement, marrow stimulation, mosaicplasty, allograft osteochondral transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation.
Hip Fracture Surgery
A hip fracture can be repaired with the help of metal screws, plates and rods. In some cases, artificial replacements (prostheses) of parts of the hip joint may be necessary. Treatment for hip fracture usually involves a combination of surgery, rehabilitation and medication.
Hip Pain Treatment
Hip pain is the general term for pain felt in or around the hip joint. It isn't always felt in the hip itself but may instead be felt in the groin or thigh.
Hip Replacement
A hip replacement is a common type of surgery where a damaged hip joint is replaced with an artificial one (known as an implant). Adults of any age can be considered for a hip replacement, although most are done on people between the ages of 60 and 80.
Hip Surgery
Hip replacement, also called hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to address hip pain. The surgery replaces parts of the hip joint with artificial implants.
Joint Injection
Joint injections are non-surgical procedures that apply a solution of anesthetic and corticosteroid directly to damaged joint tissue. This can provide you with the relief you need to improve your range of motion and participate in physical therapy exercises that were too difficult for you before.
Jumper's Knee Treatment
Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of your patellar tendon. This connects your kneecap (patella) to your shin bone (tibia). Jumper's knee weakens your tendon, and, if untreated, can lead to tears in your tendon.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treatment
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a form of arthritis in children. Arthritis causes joint swelling (inflammation) and joint stiffness. JIA is arthritis that affects one or more joints for at least 6 weeks in a child age 16 or younger.
Kirschner Wire Removal
The K-wires stick out of the skin so that they can be easily removed once the bone has healed. They are covered with a dressing and a plaster cast and you / the patient will not be able to see them; alternatively they may be exposed out of the toe or finger.
Knee Arthroplasty
Knee replacement surgery (arthroplasty) is a common operation that involves replacing a damaged, worn or diseased knee with an artificial joint. Adults of any age can be considered for a knee replacement, although most are carried out on people between the ages of 60 and 80.
Knee Arthroscopy
Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure. Healthcare providers use knee arthroscopy to diagnose and treat a range of knee injuries. Your healthcare provider makes a small incision and then inserts a long, thin tool with a camera on the end.
Knee Cartilage Damage Treatment
The slippery articular cartilage that coats your bones helps with smooth movement. If it's torn or worn, it can leave the rough bone surfaces exposed – resulting in friction in the joint. Damaged cartilage can potentially lead to knee arthritis, with long-term effects on your knee function.
Knee Cartilage Surgery
Cartilage surgery is performed arthroscopically or an incision is made in the front of the knee. Arthroscopy consists in making two small 5-mm incisions in the front of the knee. An arthroscope, or small camera, is inserted through one of the incisions to view the joint, and in particular the damaged cartilage.
Knee Fracture Treatment
A patella fracture is a break in your kneecap, the bone that covers your knee joint. It's usually caused by a traumatic injury, such as a fall or a blow to your kneecap. A patella fracture can be simple or complex. Some fractures require surgery to repair.
Knee Ligament Surgery (ACL)
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the key ligaments that help stabilize your knee joint. The ACL connects your thighbone (femur) to your shinbone (tibia). It's most commonly torn during sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction — such as basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball.
Knee Ligament Surgery (MCL)
An MCL tear is damage to the medial collateral ligament, which is a major ligament that's located on the inner side of your knee. The tear can be partial (some fibers in the ligament are torn) or complete (the ligament is torn into two pieces).
Knee Ligament Surgery (PCL)
The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a fibrous band of tissue on the inside of the knee, connecting the shinbone to the thigh bone. It functions to prevent the tibia from sliding backward on the femur. The PCL works with the ACL for stabilization of the knee. It can be injured when the knee is hyperextended.
Knee Replacement
Knee replacement, also called knee arthroplasty or total knee replacement, is a surgical procedure to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint, along with the kneecap.
Knee Sprain Treatment
A knee sprain refers to torn or overstretched ligaments, the tissues that hold bones together. If you have a sprained knee, the structures within the knee joint that connect the thigh bone to the shin bone have been injured. A knee sprain is painful and can create other problems over time, including arthritis.
Knee Surgery
Knee replacement, also called knee arthroplasty or total knee replacement, is a surgical procedure to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint, along with the kneecap.
Kneecap Stabilization
Patella stabilisation surgery also known as patella realignment is a surgical procedure to stabilise and realign the patella following subluxation, dislocation and subsequent misalignment of the knee cap during movements.
Lateral Release of the Patella
Lateral release is a minimally invasive surgery used to correct an excessive patellar tilt. It involves cutting through a tight retinaculum so that the kneecap can slip properly into its groove, thereby restoring its normal alignment.
Leg Length Discrepancy (LLD) Treatment
A limb length discrepancy (LLD) is when one arm or leg is longer than the other arm or leg. A difference in leg lengths is more likely to be noticed and to affect activities of daily living.
Limb Amputation
Amputation is the surgical removal of all or part of a limb or extremity such as an arm, leg, foot, hand, toe, or finger. About 1.8 million Americans are living with amputations. Amputation of the leg -- either above or below the knee -- is the most common amputation surgery.
Little League Elbow Treatment
Little league elbow is a term used to describe lesions in the medial aspect of the elbow in preadolescent and adolescent baseball pitchers. Most commonly seen in children under the age of 10. The phenomenon is correlated to chronic forces of valgus overload produced during the early and late cocking phases of throwing.
Meniscus Surgery
Meniscus surgery is a common operation to remove or repair a torn meniscus, a piece of cartilage in the knee. The surgery requires a few small incisions and takes about an hour. Recovery and rehabilitation take a few weeks.
Metal Implant Removal
Metal implants are biomaterials widely used in orthopedics. They are both used in osteosynthesis and arthroplasty. Their mechanical properties, biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion make them a widely used option in orthopedics. Alloys are the most commonly used metals in orthopedics.
Metatarsal Phalangeal Joint Replacement
The metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) is located in the forefoot where the metatarsal and phalanx bones meet. Synovitis is a swelling of the joint lining. MTP synovitis is a common disorder caused by excessive stress on that joint, usually exacerbated by activity.
Morton's Neuroma Treatment
Morton's neuroma is a benign but painful condition that affects the ball of the foot. It's also called an intermetatarsal neuroma because it's located in the ball of the foot between your metatarsal bones. It happens when the tissue around a nerve that leads to a toe thickens from irritation or compression.
MPFL (Medial Patellofemoral Ligament) Surgery
MPFL reconstruction is a surgery in which a new medial patellofemoral ligament is created to stabilize the knee and help protect the joint from additional damage. (Find a surgeon who performs MPFL reconstruction.) It offers an excellent treatment option for people who have experienced more than one dislocation.
Muscle Reconstruction
Flap surgery involves transporting healthy, live tissue from one location of the body to another - often to areas that have lost skin, fat, muscle movement, and/or skeletal support.
Orthopedics Consultation
Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that focuses on the care of the musculoskeletal system. This system is made up of muscles and bones, as well as joints, ligaments, and tendons. A person who specializes in orthopedics is known as an orthopedist.
Osteoarthritis Consultation
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
Osteoarthritis Treatment
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
Osteochondritis Dissecans Treatment
Osteochondritis dissecans (os-tee-o-kon-DRY-tis DIS-uh-kanz) is a joint condition in which bone underneath the cartilage of a joint dies due to lack of blood flow. This bone and cartilage can then break loose, causing pain and possibly hindering joint motion.
Osteochondrosis Treatment
Osteochondrosis is a self-limiting developmental derangement of normal bone growth, primarily involving the centers of ossification in the epiphysis. [1, 2] It usually begins in childhood as a degenerative or necrotic condition. By definition, osteochondrosis is an aseptic ischemic necrosis.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) Treatment
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited (genetic) bone disorder that is present at birth. It is also known as brittle bone disease. A child born with OI may have soft bones that break (fracture) easily, bones that are not formed normally, and other problems.
Osteoma Treatment
An osteoma (plural: "osteomata") is a new piece of bone usually growing on another piece of bone, typically the skull. It is a benign tumor. When the bone tumor grows on other bone it is known as "homoplastic osteoma"; when it grows on other tissue it is called "heteroplastic osteoma".
Osteomalacia Treatment
Osteomalacia refers to a marked softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency. The softened bones of children and young adults with osteomalacia can lead to bowing during growth, especially in weight-bearing bones of the legs. Osteomalacia in older adults can lead to fractures.
Osteomyelitis Treatment
Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Infections can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs.
Osteoporosis Treatment
Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones to the point where they break easily—most often, bones in the hip, backbone (spine), and wrist. Osteoporosis is called a “silent disease” because you may not notice any changes until a bone breaks. All the while, though, your bones had been losing strength for many years.
Osteotomy
An osteotomy is any surgery that cuts and reshapes your bones. You may need this type of procedure to repair a damaged joint. It's also used to shorten or lengthen a deformed bone that doesn't line up with a joint like it should. You don't need to be very sick or old to have an osteotomy.
Paget's Disease Treatment
Paget's (PAJ-its) disease of bone interferes with your body's normal recycling process, in which new bone tissue gradually replaces old bone tissue. Over time, bones can become fragile and misshapen. The pelvis, skull, spine and legs are most commonly affected.
Patellar Dislocation Treatment
A patellar dislocation is a knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis.
Pes Anserine Bursitis Treatment
Pes anserine bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa located between the shinbone (tibia) and three tendons of the hamstring muscle at the inside of the knee. It occurs when the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, which causes it to swell and put pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee.
Plantar Fasciitis Treatment
Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the plantar fascia, tissue in the foot used during walking and foot movement. Plantar fasciitis can be caused by a number of factors, including type of shoes, foot structure, overuse and types of walking surfaces.
Revision Joint Surgery
A revision joint replacement means that surgery must be done to replace a worn-out joint replacement. Also called revision arthroplasty, revision joint replacement is often more complicated than the initial joint replacement and the revision surgery may have less predictable results.
Rickets Treatment
Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities. Adults can experience a similar condition, which is known as osteomalacia or soft bones. Read more about the signs and symptoms of rickets and osteomalacia.
Rotator Cuff Surgery
Rotator cuff repair is surgery to repair a torn tendon in the shoulder. The procedure can be done with a large (open) incision or with shoulder arthroscopy, which uses smaller incisions.
Scaphoid Fracture Treatment
A scaphoid (navicular) fracture is a break in one of the small bones of the wrist. This type of fracture occurs most often after a fall onto an outstretched hand. Symptoms of a scaphoid fracture typically include pain and tenderness in the area just below the base of the thumb.
Sciatica Treatment
Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of your body.
Shoulder Arthroplasty
Shoulder replacement removes damaged areas of bone and replaces them with parts made of metal and plastic (implants). This surgery is called shoulder arthroplasty (ARTH-row-plas-tee). The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint.
Shoulder Arthroscopy
Shoulder arthroscopy is surgery that uses a tiny camera called an arthroscope to examine or repair the tissues inside or around your shoulder joint.
Shoulder Capsular Release
Capsular release is a minimally invasive surgical procedure to treat frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis). This is a condition that develops when the capsule of connective tissues surrounding the shoulder thickens and tightens, causing pain and restricted movement.
Shoulder Fracture Fixation
Fracture Fixation. Fracture fixation stabilizes extremely misaligned broken bones by “re-setting,” or “reduction,” by using splints, casts, and implants, for example.
Shoulder Impingement Syndrome Treatment
Shoulder impingement is a very common cause of shoulder pain, where a tendon (band of tissue) inside your shoulder rubs or catches on nearby tissue and bone as you lift your arm. It affects the rotator cuff tendon, which is the rubbery tissue that connects the muscles around your shoulder joint to the top of your arm.
Shoulder Labrum Surgery
Shoulder labrum reconstruction is a surgical technique recommended for treating labral tears. Labrum repair can be done using minimally invasive technique or open surgery. In this procedure the torn labrum is reattached to the rim of the bone using anchor sutures along with tightening of the capsules and ligaments.
Shoulder Ligament Repair
Shoulder reconstruction is a surgical procedure performed in patients with shoulder instability to improve stability, restore the function and prevent recurrent dislocations of the shoulder joint.
Shoulder Replacement
Shoulder replacement removes damaged areas of bone and replaces them with parts made of metal and plastic (implants). This surgery is called shoulder arthroplasty (ARTH-row-plas-tee). The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint. The round head (ball) of the upper arm bone fits into a shallow socket in the shoulder.
Shoulder Stabilization
Shoulder stabilization surgery is done to improve stability and function to the shoulder joint and prevent recurrent dislocations. It can be performed arthroscopically, depending on your particular situation, with much smaller incisions.
Shoulder Surgery
Shoulder surgery repairs a damaged, degenerated or diseased shoulder joint. It is a treatment for a variety of diseases and conditions in your shoulder joint. These commonly include rotator cuff tears, shoulder dislocations, and shoulder separations.
Shoulder Tendon Reconstruction
Shoulder reconstruction is a surgical procedure performed in patients with shoulder instability to improve stability, restore the function and prevent recurrent dislocations of the shoulder joint.
SLAP Tear Repair
SLAP repair is a surgical procedure to reattach the torn labrum to the bone of the shoulder socket. This procedure restores the normal anatomy and functioning of your shoulder. You should follow your surgeon's instructions and rehabilitation plan for a faster recovery after the surgery.
Snapping Hip Treatment
Snapping hip is a condition in which you feel a snapping sensation or hear a popping sound in your hip when you walk, get up from a chair, or swing your leg around. The snapping sensation occurs when a muscle or tendon (the strong tissue that connects muscle to bone) moves over a bony protrusion in your hip.
Synovium Removal
Synovectomy is a procedure where the synovial tissue surrounding a joint is removed. This procedure is typically recommended to provide relief from a condition in which the synovial membrane or the joint lining becomes inflamed and irritated and is not controlled by medication alone.
Tendon Repair
Tendon repair is a type of surgery to fix damaged or torn tendons. Movement can be extremely limited when tendons are torn or damaged. The affected area may feel weak and cause constant pain.
Tennis or Golfer's Elbow Treatment
The pain of golfer's elbow occurs primarily where the tendons of the forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of the elbow (medial epicondyle). By contrast, the pain of tennis elbow usually occurs at the bony bump on the outside of the elbow (lateral epicondyle).
Toe Implant
A number of different toe implants are available to treat osteoarthritis. Some implants are synthetic cartilage used to replace the damaged surface of the cartilage at the base of the big toe. These implants have the same look and feel as natural cartilage.
Toe Joint Replacement
A first MTP joint replacement treats arthritis of the big toe. The bone on either side of the joint is partially removed and replaced with metal, plastic, or a combination of both. First MTP joint replacement can lessen pain and retain motion.
Trapped Nerve Treatment
Trapped Nerve is a condition in which one or more nerves in the vertebrae are compressed or 'pinched' leading to impaired movement or sensation.
Treatment for Achilles Tendinitis
Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to your heel bone. Achilles tendinitis most commonly occurs in runners who have suddenly increased the intensity or duration of their runs.
Treatment for Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease is a condition that causes pain and swelling below the knee joint, where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia), a spot called the tibial tuberosity. There may also be inflammation of the patellar tendon, which stretches over the kneecap.
Trigger Finger Treatment
Trigger finger is a condition in which one of your fingers gets stuck in a bent position. Your finger may bend or straighten with a snap — like a trigger being pulled and released. Trigger finger is also known as stenosing tenosynovitis.
Trochleoplasty
A trochleoplasty is a surgical correction of the femoral trochlea to restore a normal or nearly normal entry of the patella into the trochlear groove during extension and flexion. Some general prerequisites are necessary to performing this procedure successfully.
Ulnar Nerve Decompression
Ulnar nerve decompression is surgical procedure designed to explore the region around the elbow through which the ulnar nerve passes. The ulnar nerve is responsible for the “funny bone” phenomenon when you hit your elbow.
Wrist Arthroscopy
Wrist arthroscopy is surgery that uses a tiny camera and surgical tools to examine or repair the tissues inside or around your wrist. The camera is called an arthroscope. The procedure allows the doctor to detect problems and make repairs to the wrist without making larger cuts in the skin and tissue.
Wrist Instability Treatment
Dislocations occur when a large force, usually hyperextension, pushes the bone out of its normal joint position. Wrist instability occurs when one or more of the wrist ligaments have lost integrity, are lax, or damaged. This alters the normal wrist mechanics of the carpal bones and hence affects your hand function.
Acromioclavicular Joint Repair
Through this procedure, a significant separation damage to the AC joint in your shoulder will be repaired. This is the point at which your clavicle connects to your scapula. In the case of a serious separation injury, the ligaments that normally hold these bones together get severed.
Abscess Debridement
It requires completely washing the wound and removing any thickened skin or callus, infected, and nonviable (necrotic or dead) tissue, debris, and leftover material from dressings. The wound must also be properly cleaned.
Avascular Necrosis (AVN) Treatment
Avascular necrosis is when bone cells die because they don't get enough blood. It can cause tiny cracks in the bone and make the bone fall apart. If a bone is broken or a joint is out of place, blood can't get to that part of the bone.
Ankle Surgery
In an ankle replacement, the surgeon cuts off the ends of the broken bones and replaces them with a plastic-and-metal joint. In this operation, the surgeon cuts off the ends of the broken bones and puts a new joint made of plastic and metal on them.
Ankle Arthroscopy
Foot and ankle surgery is a sub-specialty of orthopedics and podiatry that focuses on the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of illnesses that affect the foot and ankle. Foot and ankle surgery is also known as foot and ankle orthopaedics.
Ankle Replacement
Your doctor will cut into your ankle to get to the damaged joint. Next, your doctor will cut out the broken parts of your tibia and talus bones. Your surgeon will attach metal replacement joints to the left bone surfaces and put a piece of plastic in between them.
Ankle Fusion Surgery
Ankle fusion is a surgery that joins together two or more ankle bones. This makes the pain and swelling go away. Your doctor will cut into your ankle so he or she can work on the joint. Then, your doctor will press the bones together and use plates, nails, screws, or other hardware to hold them together.
Ankle Fracture Treatment
A broken bone needs to be kept from moving so it can heal. Most of the time, this needs a special shoe or a cast. An orthopedic surgeon may need to use pins, plates, or screws to keep your bones in the right place while they heal.
Achilles Tendon Rupture
If your Achilles tendon were to rupture, you would probably hear a pop, and then you would feel an acute, searing pain in the back of your ankle and lower leg. This agony would certainly interfere with your ability to walk in a normal manner. In order to heal the rupture, surgery is often required. However, nonsurgical therapy is effective for many patients in the same manner as surgical treatment.
Baker's Cyst Treatment
A Baker's cyst doesn't always hurt and sometimes goes away on its own. But it's important to get the condition checked out by a doctor to make sure it's not a sign of something more serious.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI)
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) is a method in which cells from the articular cartilage are taken, multiplied in a lab to make more cells, and then put back into the damaged part of the knee using a special surgical technique.
Artificial Limb Services
The Artificial Limb & Appliance Service (ALAS) is an NHS Wales organisation providing support, equipment and rehabilitation to people with permanent or long-term impairment. It is commissioned by Health Commission Wales (an executive agency of the Welsh Assembly Government), and is provided through a consortium arrangement between three NHS Wales trusts, each hosting one centre (ALAC).
Benign Bone Tumor Removal
Bone tumors that are not malignant are referred to as benign bone tumors. It's possible that these tumors may produce agony that will only become worse with time. It is possible that some benign bone cancers need therapy in order to be stopped from eroding bone.
Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery 81 Services
Body Lift
A body lift, also known as body plastic surgery, improves the shape and tone by removing excess skin and the underlying fat. Excess sagging fat and skin are caused in part by poor tissue elasticity. A complete lower body lift treats the buttocks, abdomen, waist, hips and thighs in one procedure.
Breast Augmentation
Breast augmentation — also known as augmentation mammoplasty — is surgery to increase breast size. It involves placing breast implants under breast tissue or chest muscles. For some women, breast augmentation is a way to feel more confident.
Breast Capsulectomy
A capsulectomy is the surgical removal of abnormally thick, hardened tissue that forms around breast implants—a condition known as capsular contracture. Your breast implant is removed and usually replaced during the procedure.
Breast Implant Removal
Breast implant removal is surgery to take out silicone or saline implants. Typically, breast implants last for about 10 to 15 years. Some people have implant removal surgery because of tissue hardening around the implant or other complications. Others may have surgery to replace old implants with new ones.
Breast Implant Revision
The goal of breast implant revision surgery is to replace old breast implants with new implants.
Breast Implants
A breast implant is a prosthesis used to change the size, shape, and contour of a person's breast.
Breast Lift
Overall, a normal breast lift surgery will restore the breasts' youthful appearance without the need for implants.
Breast Reconstruction
Breast reconstruction is the surgical process of rebuilding the shape and look of a breast, most commonly in women who have had surgery to treat breast cancer.
Breast Reduction
Reduction mammoplasty (also breast reduction and reduction mammaplasty) is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts.
Brow Lift
A brow lift, also called an eyebrow lift or forehead lift, is a cosmetic procedure that raises the eyebrows to decrease the appearance of wrinkles and frown lines and to lift sagging skin.
Buccal Fat Extraction
Buccal fat pad extraction or buccal fat removal is a plastic surgery procedure for reducing prominent cheeks, by the proportional removal of buccal fat-pad tissue.
Butt Lift
During a buttock lift, excess skin and fat are removed from the buttocks. The remaining skin is then repositioned to create a more toned look.
Buttock Augmentation
Buttock or gluteal augmentation is a procedure used to improve the volume, shape, and contour of the buttocks. Buttock augmentation can be achieved through fat grafting, (famously referred to as a Brazilian Butt Lift or BBL), silicone implants, or sometimes a combination of these two techniques
Buttock Implants
Silicone is the material used for butt implants. Unlike injections, solid silicone implants are surgically placed into the buttocks via an incision in between the butt cheeks. This procedure is sometimes combined with fat grafting for maximum results.
Calf Implants
Calf augmentation is a procedure performed to enhance the lower portion of the leg. In people with a shrunken lower leg, as a result of injury or disease, an implant can be inserted in the calf to help minimize the resultant deformity.
Calf Reduction
Calf reduction surgery is a cosmetic surgery that reduces or improves the shape and size of the calf muscle to provide a more balanced appearance. For women with very prominent, muscular calves, a calf reduction using muscle-relaxing injections is often the only solution.
Cheek Augmentation
Cheek fillers are injections that raise the volume of the area above and around your cheekbones. This provides the illusion of a more defined bone structure. By injecting volume under your skin layer, cheek fillers can also smooth out wrinkles and fine lines.
Cheekbone Reduction
Zygoma reduction, also known as cheekbone reduction surgery, is a surgery used to reduce the facial width by excising part of the zygomatic bone and arch
Chin Augmentation
Chin augmentation is surgery to reshape or enhance the size of the chin. It may be done either by inserting an implant or by moving or reshaping the jaw bones.
Cleft Lip Nasal Deformity Surgery
The goals of primary bilateral cleft lip nose surgery are, closure of the nasal floor and sill, lengthening of the columella, repositioning of the alar base, achieving nasal tip projection, repositioning of the lower lateral cartilages, and reorienting the nares from horizontal to oblique position.
Cleft Lip or Palate Repair
The most common type of cleft lip repair is a rotation advancement repair. The plastic surgeon will make an incision on each side of the cleft from the lip to the nostril. The two sides of the lip are then sutured together, using tissue from the area to rearrange and close the lip as needed.
Clitoral Hood Reduction
Clitoral hood reduction, also termed clitoral hoodectomy, clitoral unhooding, clitoridotomy, or hoodectomy, is a plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size and the area of the clitoral hood in order to further expose the clitoral glans of the clitoris.
Cryolipolysis
Cryolipolysis, commonly referred to as fat freezing, is a nonsurgical fat reduction procedure that uses cold temperature to reduce fat deposits in certain areas of the body. The procedure is designed to reduce localized fat deposits or bulges that do not respond to diet and exercise.
Dermal Fillers
Dermal fillers, also known as injectable implants, soft tissue fillers, lip and facial fillers, or wrinkle fillers are medical device implants approved by the FDA for use in helping to create a smoother and/or fuller appearance in the face, including nasolabial folds (the lines extending from the sides of the nose to the edges of the mouth), cheeks, chin, lips, and back of the hands.
Dimple Creation Surgery
A dimpleplasty is a type of plastic surgery used to create dimples on the cheeks. Dimples are the indentations that occur when some people smile. They're most often located on the bottoms of the cheeks. Some people may also have chin dimples. Not everyone is born with this facial trait.
Double Eyelid Creation
Double eyelid surgery is a specific type of eyelid surgery in which creases in the upper eyelids are formed, creating double eyelids. You might choose this procedure, called blepharoplasty, if you want to correct a condition — such as droopy eyelids or eye bags — or if you want to change the appearance of your eyelids.
Ear Reconstruction
Ear reconstruction is a form of surgery that can rebuild an ear damaged by trauma or cancer surgery, or misshapen or missing due to a congenital (present at birth) disorder. Along with surgery to rebuild or repair the ear, hearing rehabilitation with an otologist may be necessary.
Ear Surgery
Otoplasty — also known as cosmetic ear surgery — is a procedure to change the shape, position or size of the ears. You might choose to have otoplasty if you're bothered by how far your ears stick out from your head. You might also consider otoplasty if your ear or ears are misshapen due to an injury or birth defect.
Eye Bag Removal
Eye bag surgery is a cosmetic procedure known as lower blepharoplasty. It lifts the lower eyelid and removes excess tissue from the under-eye area.
Eyebrow Adjustment
Eyebrow correction aims to create a perfectly shaped brow after encountering a problem with their appearance. Many people with sparse or nonexistent brows turn to permanent cosmetic procedures for the purpose of normalizing or enhancing their appearance.
Eyelid Surgery
Blepharoplasty (BLEF-uh-roe-plas-tee) is a type of surgery that repairs droopy eyelids and may involve removing excess skin, muscle and fat. As you age, your eyelids stretch, and the muscles supporting them weaken.
Face Slimming
Facial slimming is an effective non-surgical treatment used to help patients achieve a slimmer, more oval or v-shaped profile. It is ideal for people who want to reshape and slim down their face to help it look firmer and smoother.
Face Surgery
Rhytidectomy, also known as a facelift, aims to surgically remove wrinkles and tighten facial skin in order to achieve a more youthful appearance.
Facelift
A facelift, or rhytidectomy, is a surgical procedure that improves visible signs of aging in the face and neck, such as: Relaxation of the skin of the face causing sagging. Deepening of the fold lines between the nose and corner of the mouth. Fat that has fallen or has disappeared. Jowls developing in the cheeks and ...
Facial Fat Transfer
In facial fat grafting, fat is moved to the face from another part of the body. The procedure may also be called fat transfer, micro-lipoinjection, facial fat rejuvenation, autologous fat grafting or transfer, or fat injection. It offers a more youthful appearance and can also correct problems like scars.
Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS)
Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is a procedure to make your face appear more feminine instead of masculine. FFS can change your hairline, forehead, nose, jaw and other parts of your face. You may consider this surgery if you're a transgender woman (transitioning from male to female).
Facial Implants
Facial implants are used to bring balance to the appearance of your face. These implants are commonly used to enhance the chin, jaw and/or cheeks.
Facial Trauma Surgery
Offering authoritative guidance and a multitude of high-quality images, Facial Trauma Surgery: From Primary Repair to Reconstruction is the first comprehensive textbook of its kind on treating primary facial trauma and delayed reconstruction of both the soft tissues and craniofacial bony skeleton.
Fat Reduction
Among the procedures that comprise nonsurgical fat reduction are cryolipolysis (e.g., CoolSculpting), injection lipolysis (e.g., Kybella), radiofrequency lipolysis (e.g., Vanquish) and laser lipolysis (e.g., SculpSure). Patients who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not have any of the aforementioned procedures.
Forehead Contouring
Forehead contouring is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing the protruding brow bone and reshaping the orbital bones to achieve a softer, more feminine appearance.
Hairline Lowering Surgery
Hairline lowering or hairline advancement as it is also known is an effective procedure that offers subtle and natural-looking results. An incision is made right along the front of the hairline, then the hairline is brought forward, and the excess forehead skin is removed, with the incisions then sutured closed.
Hip Augmentation
Hip augmentation is a cosmetic procedure that can increase the size and width of your hips. It can enhance the look of your legs, increase your hip width and span, and provide your body a more pleasing shape overall. Many people undergo hip augmentation to gain an hourglass figure.
Hyaluronic Acid Threads
The use of hyaluronic threads is an innovative method that allows you to shape the contour of the face and improve the appearance of the area around the cheeks and chin. Threads allow to fill areas that have lost their firmness and freshness.
Jaw Shaping
As the name suggests, jaw shaping (or jawline contouring) involves reshaping the jawbone to improve its aesthetic appearance. Available in surgical and non-surgical forms, it is commonly used in feminisation procedures to make jawlines less "square" and more "rounded" in shape.
Labiaplasty
Labiaplasty is a surgical procedure to reduce or increase the size of your labia. The surgery is done to improve the appearance of your labia, to reduce physical discomfort or as part of gender-affirming surgery. Your labia are the folds of skin around your vagina opening. You have two folds of skin.
Lip Augmentation
Lip augmentation is a cosmetic procedure that can give you fuller, plumper lips. These days, an injectable dermal filler is the most commonly used method of lip augmentation. There are many types of dermal fillers that can be injected in your lips and around your mouth.
Lip Reduction
Lip reduction surgery involves removing skin tissues from the lower or upper lips, or sometimes both. This is done in an effort to reshape the entire lip area. First, anesthesia — either local or general — is used so you won't feel any pain.
Lipofilling
Lipofilling is the broad term which covers the process of extracting fat from one area of the body and then inserting this fat into a different area where volume, mass or reshaping is desired.
Liposculpture
Liposculpture is a surgical procedure that is used to give you more muscle tone and shapeliness. It treats little pockets of fat, unlike liposuction which covers larger areas. Instead of just removing fat, liposculpture also moves it around it for a desired shape.
Liposuction
Liposuction is a surgical procedure that uses a suction technique to remove fat from specific areas of the body, such as the abdomen, hips, thighs, buttocks, arms or neck. Liposuction also shapes (contours) these areas. Other names for liposuction include lipoplasty and body contouring.
Male Breast Augmentation
Though breast augmentation is generally considered a plastic surgery procedure for women, as the popularity of male plastic surgery rises, some men also seek augmentation surgery to increase their breast size.
Male Breast Reduction
Gynecomastia surgery, also known as male breast reduction, is the surgical correction of overdeveloped or enlarged breasts in men.
Mentoplasty
Chin surgery, also known as mentoplasty, is a surgical procedure to reshape the chin either by enhancement with an implant or reduction surgery on the bone.
Mommy Makeover
Mommy makeover is a catch-all phrase that refers to a specialized combination of body contouring procedures, performed together to improve the physical changes that linger long after pregnancy.
Muscle Ablation
The ablation of synergists for compensatory hypertrophy consists of the surgical removal of all or part of synergistic muscles, which can be either unilateral or bilateral, to generate chronic functional overload that causes hypertrophy.
Neck Lift
The surgeon carefully lifts the muscles of the neck and removes extra skin and fat, then closes the incisions and applies a pressure dressing around your head and underneath the chin. Afterward, your neck may feel tight, and you may notice some bruising, which fades in a couple of weeks.
Nipple Augmentation
Breast augmentation — also known as augmentation mammoplasty — is surgery to increase breast size. It involves placing breast implants under breast tissue or chest muscles. For some women, breast augmentation is a way to feel more confident. For others, it's part of rebuilding the breast for various conditions.
Nipple Correction Surgery
Nipple correction is a surgical procedure that corrects the appearance of your nipples and addresses their natural projection. Inverted nipples are caused by an injury, breastfeeding, or are congenital (from a shortening of the breast ducts) or from diseases of the breast.
Nipple Reduction
Nipple reduction surgery reduces the projection (sticking out) of the nipple. The procedure can also decrease the circumference of the nipple as well. Nipple reductions are usually performed in conjunction with breast augmentation or breast lift, but it can be performed alone.
Nose Surgery
A nose job (technically called a rhinoplasty) is surgery on the nose to change its shape or improve its function.
Otoplasty
Otoplasty — also known as cosmetic ear surgery — is a procedure to change the shape, position or size of the ears. You might choose to have otoplasty if you're bothered by how far your ears stick out from your head. You might also consider otoplasty if your ear or ears are misshapen due to an injury or birth defect.
Pectoral Implants
Pectoral implant surgery, or pec implants as they are more commonly referred to, is a male cosmetic plastic surgery procedure that is used to improve the appearance of a man's chest. This procedure uses a safe, FDA approved soft, solid implant that is designed to increase the size and definition of the male chest.
Pectus Excavatum Treatment
Pectus excavatum is a condition in which a person's breastbone is sunken into his or her chest. Severe cases of pectus excavatum can eventually interfere with the function of the heart and lungs. Pectus excavatum is a condition in which the person's breastbone is sunken into the chest.
Penis Augmentation
Penis enlargement surgery is a procedure that aims to increase the length or girth of the penis. Surgery may involve the insertion of silicone implants, the transfer of fat cells, or the use of skin grafts to increase the size of the penis.
Perineoplasty
Perineoplasty is a surgical procedure which tightens the area between the vagina opening and the anus, the perineum. It narrows the vaginal opening.
Plastic Surgery Consultation
Plastic surgery is defined as a surgical specialty dedicated to reconstruction of facial and body defects due to birth disorders, trauma, burns, and disease.
Reconstructive Surgery for Burns
The goals of reconstructive burn surgery are to improve both the function and the cosmetic appearance of burn scars. This involves altering scar tissue, with both non-operative and operative treatment. The relationship between the burn patient and the reconstructive burn surgeon often lasts many years.
Rhinoplasty
Rhinoplasty is surgery that changes the shape of the nose. The motivation for rhinoplasty may be to change the appearance of the nose, improve breathing or both. The upper portion of the structure of the nose is bone, and the lower portion is cartilage.
Scar Removal
Scar revision is surgery to improve or reduce the appearance of scars. It also restores function, and corrects skin changes (disfigurement) caused by an injury, wound, poor healing, or previous surgery.
Sex Reassignment Surgery (Female To Male)
A metoidioplasty is a method of constructing a new penis, or neopenis. It involves changing the clitoris into a penis. A person will receive hormone therapy before the surgery to enlarge the clitoris for this purpose. During the procedure, the surgeon also removes the vagina, in a vaginectomy.
Sex Reassignment Surgery (Male to Female)
Male-to-female sex reassignment surgery involves reshaping the male genitals into a form with the appearance of, and as far as possible, the function of female genitalia.
Skin Grafting
Skin grafting is a surgical procedure that involves removing skin from one area of the body and moving it to a different area of the body. This surgery may be done if a part of your body has lost its protective covering of skin due to burns, injury, or illness. Skin grafts are performed in a hospital.
Sweat Gland Suction
Suction curettage is an outpatient procedure during which a plastic surgeon removes the sweat glands using quick suction and scraping (curettage). The surgery takes about 60 to 90 minutes, and patients return home later that day.
Thigh Lift
Thighplasty is a procedure to tighten and improve the overall appearance of thighs. Candidates for this procedure have loss of skin elasticity in the thigh or have thighs with a saggy, dimpled or flabby appearance which improves dramatically if the loose skin is lifted.
Tracheal Shave
In simple terms, a tracheal shave, medically called chondrolaryngoplasty, is a surgical procedure to reduce the size of your Adam's apple.
Tummy Tuck (Abdominoplasty)
A tummy tuck — also known as abdominoplasty — is a cosmetic surgical procedure to improve the shape and appearance of the abdomen. During a tummy tuck, excess skin and fat are removed from the abdomen. Connective tissue in the abdomen (fascia) usually is tightened with sutures as well.
Varicose Veins Treatment
Varicose veins are swollen and enlarged veins that usually occur on the legs and feet. They may be blue or dark purple, and are often lumpy, bulging or twisted in appearance. Other symptoms include: aching, heavy and uncomfortable legs.
Wrinkle Treatment
Wrinkles, especially around the eyes, mouth and neck, are common with aging as the skin in these areas gets thinner, drier and less elastic. Wrinkles, a natural part of aging, are most prominent on sun-exposed skin, such as the face, neck, hands and forearms.
Areola Reduction
In areola reduction surgery, a small piece of the brown outer part of the areola is cut out in a circle. This makes the areola smaller. The skin around the areola is then pulled in like the string of a purse until it completely covers the areola. You can make the diameter smaller by sewing the inside of the areola with stitches that dissolve quickly.
Belt Lipectomy
A belt lipectomy is a specific kind of surgical procedure. It is performed to remove excess fat and skin from around the waist, sometimes known as the "belt line." This procedure is also known as a lipectomy of the abdominal region, a stomach tuck, and a panniculectomy.
Arm Lift
A cosmetic surgical technique known as an arm lift is one that may be used to enhance the look of the lower region of your upper arms. Loose skin and fat tissue are removed from the region between the armpit and the elbow during an arm lift procedure.
Psychiatry 2 Services
Psychiatry Consultation
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can diagnose and treat a wide range of mental illnesses. These can include depression, eating disorders, insomnia, and bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists also treat particular symptoms, such as anxiety or suicidal thoughts.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy is a general term for treating mental health problems by talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health provider. During psychotherapy, you learn about your condition and your moods, feelings, thoughts and behaviors.
Radiology 36 Services
Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD)
Bone density scanning, also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bone densitometry, is an enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss. DXA is today's established standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD).
Breast Imaging
The most commonly used breast imaging tests at this time are mammograms, ultrasound, and breast MRI. Other tests, such as CT scans, bone scans, or PET scans might sometimes be done to help find out if breast cancer has spread. Newer types of tests are now being developed for breast imaging.
Cerebral Angiogram
Cerebral angiography is a diagnostic test that uses an X-ray. It produces a cerebral angiogram, or an image that can help your doctor find blockages or other abnormalities in the blood vessels of your head and neck. Blockages or abnormalities can lead to a stroke or bleeding in the brain.
Chest X-Ray
Chest X-rays produce images of your heart, lungs, blood vessels, airways, and the bones of your chest and spine. Chest X-rays can also reveal fluid in or around your lungs or air surrounding a lung.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
Cone beam computed tomography is a medical imaging technique consisting of X-ray computed tomography where the X-rays are divergent, forming a cone. CBCT has become increasingly important in treatment planning and diagnosis in implant dentistry, ENT, orthopedics, and interventional radiology, among other things.
CT Angiogram (Computed Tomography Angiogram)
CT angiography is a type of medical test that combines a CT scan with an injection of a special dye to produce pictures of blood vessels and tissues in a part of your body. The dye is injected through an intravenous (IV) line started in your arm or hand.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
A CT scan or computed tomography scan is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to obtain detailed internal images of the body noninvasively for diagnostic purposes. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or radiology technologists.
Diagnostic Imaging Consultation
In a diagnostic radiology consultation, the radiologist will be presented with all the information regarding the patient's condition, particularly the symptoms being experienced. The radiologist will then recommend the most appropriate imaging scans in order to come up with an accurate diagnosis.
Diagnostic X-Rays
Diagnostic X-ray, or radiography, is a special method for taking pictures of areas inside the body. A machine focuses a small amount of radiation on the area of the body to be examined. The X-rays pass through the body, creating an image on film or a computer display.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Electroencephalography (EEG) is a method to record an electrogram of the electrical activity on the scalp that has been shown to represent the macroscopic activity of the surface layer of the brain underneath. It is typically non-invasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp.
Electromyogram (EMG)
Electromyography (EMG) measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation of the muscle. The test is used to help detect neuromuscular abnormalities. During the test, one or more small needles (also called electrodes) are inserted through the skin into the muscle.
Fibroscan
Fibroscan is a non-invasive test that helps assess the health of your liver. Specifically, it uses ultrasound technology to determine the degree of fibrosis or scarring that may be present in your liver from various liver diseases or conditions.
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy is a medical procedure that makes a real-time video of the movements inside a part of the body by passing x-rays through the body over a period of time. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation.
Full Body CT Scan
The Total Body CT scan analyzes three major areas of the body: the lungs, the heart, and the abdomen/pelvis. The lung CT can detect early, potentially malignant nodules. In the heart, the scan can detect aortic aneurysms and calcium deposits within plaque in the coronary arteries.
Full Body MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography)
MRA stands for Magnetic Resonance Angiogram or MR Angiography. Your doctor may ask you to get one in order to look for and treat problems with your blood vessels. The test can check the blood vessels in many different parts of your body: Brain or neck.
Full Body PET CT Scan
A PET-CT scan is a nuclear medicine imaging test used commonly to detect a range of cancers, heart diseases, neurological conditions, infections and PUO (Pyrexia of Unknown Origin). Radioactive glucose is injected and then taken up by tissues, which are in fasting state in your body.
Full Body PET-MRI Scan
A whole-body PET scan can detect differences in body functions, such as blood flow, use of oxygen, and uptake of sugar (glucose) molecules. This allows your doctor to see how certain organs are functioning.
Full Body Ultrasound Scan
An ultrasound scan, sometimes called a sonogram, is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of part of the inside of the body. An ultrasound scan can be used to monitor an unborn baby, diagnose a condition, or guide a surgeon during certain procedures.
Head CT Scan
Computed tomography (CT) of the head uses special x-ray equipment to help assess head injuries, severe headaches, dizziness, and other symptoms of aneurysm, bleeding, stroke, and brain tumors. It also helps your doctor to evaluate your face, sinuses, and skull or to plan radiation therapy for brain cancer.
Head Ultrasound
A head ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of the brain. An ultrasound machine sends sound waves into the head and images are recorded on a computer. The black-and-white images show the internal structure of the brain, including the ventricles (the fluid-filled cavities in the brain) and the blood vessels.
Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
MRCP is a subtype of an MRI scan that is better suited for detailed images of the pancreas, gallbladder, and bile ducts. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses powerful magnets, radio waves, and a computer to get detailed pictures of body organs.
Mammography
Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic masses or microcalcifications.
MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
Nuclear Scans
A nuclear medicine scan uses small amounts of radiation to create pictures of tissues, bones, and organs inside the body. The radioactive material collects in certain areas of your body, and special cameras find the radiation and make images that help your medical team diagnose and treat cancer and other illnesses.
Pelvic Ultrasound
A pelvic ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic exam that produces images that are used to assess organs and structures within the female pelvis. A pelvic ultrasound allows quick visualization of the female pelvic organs and structures including the uterus, cervix, vagina, fallopian tubes and ovaries.
PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs. The PET scan uses a radioactive drug (tracer) to show both normal and abnormal metabolic activity.
Radionuclide Scans
Radionuclide scanning is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease. A small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein or swallowed. Different radionuclides travel through the blood to different organs.
Renal Angiogram
A renal angiogram is an imaging test to look at the blood vessels in your kidneys. Your healthcare provider can use it to look at the ballooning of a blood vessel (aneurysm), narrowing of a blood vessel (stenosis), or blockages in a blood vessel. He or she can also see how well blood is flowing to your kidneys.
Stereotactic Breast Biopsy
Stereotactic breast biopsy uses mammography – a specific type of breast imaging that uses low-dose x-rays — to help locate a breast abnormality and remove a tissue sample for examination under a microscope.
Testicular Ultrasound
Ultrasound imaging of the scrotum uses sound waves to produce pictures of a male's testicles and surrounding tissues.
Thyroid Ultrasound
Thyroid ultrasound is a sound wave picture of the thyroid gland taken by a hand-held instrument and translated to a 2-dimensional picture on a monitor. It is used in diagnosis of tumors, cysts or goiters of the thyroid, and is a painless, no-risk procedure.
Ultrasound Scan
An ultrasound scan, sometimes called a sonogram, is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of part of the inside of the body. An ultrasound scan can be used to monitor an unborn baby, diagnose a condition, or guide a surgeon during certain procedures.
Vascular Ultrasound
Vascular ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate the body's circulatory system and help identify blockages in the arteries and veins and detect blood clots.
Virtual Colonoscopy
Virtual colonoscopy is a special X-ray examination of the colon using low dose computed tomography (CT). It is a less invasive procedure than a conventional colonoscopy. A radiologist reviews the images from the virtual colonoscopy to look for polyps on the inside of the colon that can sometimes turn into colon cancer.
Abdominal CT Scan
A diagnostic imaging examination known as computed tomography of the abdomen and pelvis is performed. It is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis of disorders affecting the small intestine, the colon, and several other internal organs. It is often used in the process of identifying the origin of inexplicable pain.
Abdominal Ultrasound
An ultrasound of the abdomen is a way to look at the organs and tissues inside the abdomen without making any cuts. This is made up of the abdominal aorta and the gallbladder, liver, pancreas, bile ducts, and spleen. When ultrasound technology is used, the organs and structures inside the abdomen can be quickly seen from the outside of the body.
Rheumatology 6 Services
Fibromyalgia Treatment
Fibromyalgia (fi·bro·my·al·gi·a) is a condition that causes pain all over the body (also referred to as widespread pain), sleep problems, fatigue, and often emotional and mental distress. People with fibromyalgia may be more sensitive to pain than people without fibromyalgia.
Lupus Erythematosus Treatment
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is the most common type of lupus. SLE is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its own tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in the affected organs. It can affect the joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Consultation
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. It typically results in warm, swollen, and painful joints. Pain and stiffness often worsen following rest. Most commonly, the wrist and hands are involved, with the same joints typically involved on both sides of the body.
Rheumatology Consultation
Rheumatologists diagnose, treat and manage a broad range of conditions, including: Inflammatory (rheumatic) disorders that affect muscles, joints and bones. Connective tissue diseases that affect supporting structures like your ligaments and tendons, and may involve the skin and other organs.
Sjogren's Syndrome Treatment
Sjogren's (SHOW-grins) syndrome is a disorder of your immune system identified by its two most common symptoms — dry eyes and a dry mouth. The condition often accompanies other immune system disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
Traumatology 1 Services
Traumatology Consultation
Traumatology is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage.
Medical Laboratory 7 Services
Blood Test Package
This routine blood test measures the cells in the body through the blood. They test the blood for white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelets. CBC tests can detect if you have anemia, nutritional deficiencies, an infection, cancer, and bone marrow problems.
Blood Tests
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick
Genetic Testing
Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in genes, chromosomes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a genetic disorder.
Laboratory Tests
Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results.
Paternity Testing
Paternity refers to fatherhood. A DNA paternity test uses DNA, usually taken from a cheek swab, to determine whether a man is the child's biological father.
Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Testing
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), or sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. The contact is usually vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other intimate physical contact.
Urine Tests
A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. A urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine.
Sleep Medicine 8 Services
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders.
Home Sleep Apnea Test
A home sleep apnea test is a very simplified breathing monitor that tracks your breathing, oxygen levels, and breathing effort while worn. It does not fully capture what is monitored with an overnight sleep study. Overnight sleep studies give a more thorough assessment of sleep issues.
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Therapy Evaluation.
Importance Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a treatment option for patients with obstructive sleep apnea unable to tolerate continuous positive airway pressure. This study evaluates demographic factors that may be associated with greater improvements in postoperative outcomes of interest.
Non-invasive Ventilation.
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the delivery of oxygen (ventilation support) via a face mask and therefore eliminating the need of an endotracheal airway. NIV achieves comparative physiological benefits to conventional mechanical ventilation by reducing the work of breathing and improving gas exchange.
Overnight Oximetry Test.
This test performs an overnight recording of the patient's breathing during their sleep (overnight oximetry). The test is usually performed to see if they stop breathing for short periods during their sleep. This is called Sleep Apnoea. We may also need to assess whether they need extra oxygen overnight. The test.
Polysomnography (sleep study)
Polysomnography, also called a sleep study, is a comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders. Polysomnography records your brain waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing, as well as eye and leg movements during the study.
Positive Airway Pressure Therapy
Positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment uses a machine to pump air under pressure into the airway of the lungs. This helps keep the windpipe open during sleep.
Actigraphy
Actigraphy is a kind of wearable sleep test that monitors your movements throughout the night to determine when you are sleeping and when you are awake. This gadget may assist physicians in diagnosing certain sleep disorders and monitoring the course of therapy in patients who have previously been given a diagnosis of a sleep disorder.
Intensive Care Medicine 6 Services
Coronary care and cardiothoracic units (CCUs/CTUs)
A coronary care unit (CCU) or cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is a hospital ward specialized in the care of patients with heart attacks, unstable angina, cardiac dysrhythmia and (in practice) various other cardiac conditions that require continuous monitoring and treatment.
Long term intensive care units (LTAC ICUs)
A long-term acute care (LTAC) facility is a specialty-care hospital designed for patients with serious medical problems that require intense, special treatment for an extended period of time—usually 20 to 30 days.
Medical intensive care units (MICUs)
A MICU is a location in the hospital where critically ill patients receive care. As a medical ICU, we care for patients with a variety of conditions, many of them life-threatening.
Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs)
NICU stands for newborn intensive care unit. This is a nursery in a hospital that provides around-the-clock care to sick or premature babies. It has health care providers who have special training and equipment to give your baby the best possible care.
Pediatric intensive care units (PICUs)
A pediatric intensive care unit (also paediatric), usually abbreviated to PICU (/ˈpɪkjuː/), is an area within a hospital specializing in the care of critically ill infants, children, teenagers, and young adults aged 0-21.
Surgical intensive care units (SICUs)
The Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) is the multispecialty medical care center for critically ill patients who require surgery or are recovering from surgery.
Urology 48 Services
Bladder Neck Incision (BNI)
A bladder neck incision (B.N.I.) and a urethrotomy, are operations for men who have a decreased urinary stream and problems passing urine because of a bladder neck stenosis or a urethral stricture.
Bladder Stone Removal
Open cystostomy. An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. It's a similar procedure to percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, except the surgeon makes a much larger cut in the abdomen and bladder.
Circumcision
Circumcision is the surgical removal of the skin covering the tip of the penis. The procedure is fairly common for newborn boys in certain parts of the world, including the United States. Circumcision after the newborn period is possible, but it's a more complex procedure.
Cystectomy
Cystectomy (sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgery to remove the urinary bladder. In men, removing the entire bladder (radical cystectomy) typically includes removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In women, radical cystectomy also involves removal of the uterus, ovaries and part of the vagina.
Cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is a procedure to look inside the bladder using a thin camera called a cystoscope. A cystoscope is inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries pee out of the body) and passed into the bladder to allow a doctor or nurse to see inside.
Epididymal Cyst Removal
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis
Erectile dysfunction (impotence) is the inability to get and keep an erection firm enough for sex. Having erection trouble from time to time isn't necessarily a cause for concern.
Erectile Dysfunction Treatment
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough to have sexual intercourse. It's sometimes referred to as impotence, although this term is now used less often. Occasional ED isn't uncommon. Many people experience it during times of stress.
Genital Wart Treatment
Genital warts are usually a sexually transmitted disease (STD). They're caused by HPV (human papillomavirus). This virus also can cause some types of cancer. But the types of HPV that cause genital warts do not usually cause cancer.
Hydrocele Testis Treatment
A hydrocele is an accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity. A hydrocele testis is the accumulation of fluids around a testicle. It is often caused by peritoneum wrapped around the testicle, called the tunica vaginalis. Provided there is no hernia present, it goes away without treatment in the first year.
IVU (Intravenous Urography)
An intravenous urogram (IVU) is a test that looks at the whole of your urinary system. It's sometimes called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). It looks at the: kidneys.
Kidney Cyst Treatment
A kidney cyst is a round or oval fluid-filled pouch with a well-defined outline. Kidney cysts typically grow on the surface of a kidney, although some may develop inside your kidney. Kidney cysts are round pouches of fluid that form on or in the kidneys.Jul 28, 2020
Kidney Stones Treatment
Kidney stones form in your kidneys. As stones move into your ureters — the thin tubes that allow urine to pass from your kidneys to your bladder — signs and symptoms can result. Signs and symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in your urine.
Kidney Surgery
A nephrectomy is surgery to remove a kidney. Your surgeon may perform a partial nephrectomy to remove only a portion of your kidney. Or you may have a radical nephrectomy, where your surgeon removes your entire kidney. If you have kidney disease or cancer, a nephrectomy can be a life-saving procedure.
Laser Treatment for BPH (Enlarged Prostate)
Holmium laser prostate surgery is a minimally invasive treatment for an enlarged prostate. Also called holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP), the procedure uses a laser to remove tissue that is blocking urine flow through the prostate.
Pediatric Urology
Pediatric urologists are surgeons who can diagnose, treat, and manage children’s urinary and genital problems.If your child has an illness or disease of the genitals or urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder), a pediatric urologist has the experience and qualifications to treat your child.
Penectomy
Listen to pronunciation. (pee-NEK-toh-mee) Surgery to remove part or all of the penis (an external male reproductive organ).
Penile Prosthesis
A penile implant, or penile prosthesis, is a treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED). The surgery involves placing inflatable or flexible rods into the penis. Inflatable rods require a device filled with saline solution and a pump hidden in the scrotum.
Phimosis Surgery
Phimosis surgery, also called circumcision or postectomy, aims to remove excess skin from the penis. It is performed to prevent penile cancer, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections.
Photodynamic Diagnostics in Urology
Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) is a diagnostic modality that involves the emission of light-induced excitation fluorescence to enhance early detection, without tumor destruction, after photosensitizer exposure to blue light.
Prostate Biopsy
A prostate biopsy is a procedure to remove samples of suspicious tissue from the prostate. The prostate is a small, walnut-shaped gland in males that produces fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. During a prostate biopsy a needle is used to collect a number of tissue samples from your prostate gland.
Prostate Surgery
Prostatectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the prostate gland. The prostate gland is situated in the male pelvis, below the urinary bladder. It surrounds the urethra, which carries urine from the bladder to the penis. The procedure is used to treat a number of conditions affecting the prostate.
Prostatectomy
Prostatectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the prostate gland. The prostate gland is situated in the male pelvis, below the urinary bladder.
Pyeloplasty
Pyeloplasty is surgery to correct a condition called ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. “Pyelo” refers to the kidney (renal pelvis). “Plasty” is the term for a surgical procedure that repairs, restores or replaces something.
Reverse Vasectomy
Vasectomy reversal is surgery to undo a vasectomy. During the procedure, a surgeon reconnects each tube (vas deferens) that carries sperm from a testicle into the semen. After a successful vasectomy reversal, sperm are again present in the semen, and you may be able to get your partner pregnant.
Simple Orchiectomy
In a simple orchiectomy, the testicle and just a short segment of the spermatic cord are removed, typically through an incision in the scrotal wall. Simple orchiectomies are performed for reasons of severe infection or chronic pain. Both testicles can be removed to temporarily help in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Spermatic Cord Hydrocole Treatment
Spermatic cord hydrocele is a collection of fluid along the spermatic cord that lies superior to the testicle and does not communicate with the scrotal sac. It is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from abnormal closure of the processus vaginalis.
Testicular Biopsy
Testicular biopsy is a procedure in which a small portion of testicle is removed for examination. The biopsy is performed by creating a small incision in the skin of the scrotum. A small piece of the testicle tissue is removed through the incision by snipping the sample off with small scissors.
Testicular Tumor Removal
Cancer that forms in tissues of one or both testicles. Testicular cancer is most common in young or middle-aged men. Most testicular cancers begin in germ cells (cells that make sperm) and are called testicular germ cell tumors.
Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors (TURBT)
TURBT is the procedure done to diagnose and to treat early stage bladder cancer at the same time. The initials stand for transurethral resection of a bladder tumor. This procedure is the first-line diagnostic test and treatment for bladder cancer.
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP)
A transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a surgical procedure that involves cutting away a section of the prostate. The prostate is a small gland in the pelvis only found in men. It's located between the penis and bladder, and surrounds the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis).
Undescended Testicle Surgery
An undescended testicle is usually corrected with surgery. The surgeon carefully manipulates the testicle into the scrotum and stitches it into place (orchiopexy). This procedure can be done either with a laparoscope or with open surgery.
Ureteral Catheter Removal
A ureteral catheter acts as a counter brace that facilitates transmission of arterial pulsations into the ureteral wall.
Ureteral Reimplantation Surgery
Ureteral reimplantation is a surgery to fix the tubes that connect the bladder to the kidneys. The surgery changes the position of the tubes at the point where they join the bladder to stop urine from backing up into the kidneys.
Ureteral Stent Placement
Ureteral stent placement is a surgery to place a soft plastic tube in the ureter. The ureters are long tubes from the kidneys to the bladder. It carries urine out of the kidney into the bladder.
Ureteral Stone Removal
Ureteral stones are kidney stones that have become stuck in one or both ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder). If the stone is large enough, it can block the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder. This blockage can cause severe pain.
Ureteroplasty
Urethroplasty is surgery performed on your urethra, a part of your urinary system. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from your urinary bladder to the outside of your body. In men, the urethra also carries semen outside of their bodies.
Ureteroscopy
Ureteroscopy is a procedure to address kidney stones, and involves the passage of a small telescope, called a ureteroscope, through the urethra and bladder and up the ureter to the point where the stone is located.
Urethral Surgery
Ureteral surgeries are procedures that fix problems with the flow of urine between the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) and the kidney.
Urinalysis
A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. A urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine.
Urinary Incontinence Treatment
Urinary incontinence means a person leaks urine by accident. While it can happen to anyone, urinary incontinence, also known as overactive bladder, is more common in older people, especially women. Bladder control issues can be embarrassing and cause people to avoid their normal activities.
Uroflow (Urine Flow Rate Test)
A urine flow test calculates the speed of urine flow over time. It may be used to check how the bladder and sphincter are working. The bladder is part of the urinary tract. It's a hollow muscular organ that relaxes and expands to store urine.
Urology Consultation
Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). It also deals with the male organs that are able to make babies (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate, etc.).
Urology Ultrasound
Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). It also deals with the male organs that are able to make babies (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate, etc.).
Urostomy
A urostomy is an opening in the belly (abdominal wall) that's made during surgery. It re-directs urine away from a bladder that's diseased, has been injured, or isn't working as it should. The bladder is either bypassed or removed. (Surgery to remove the bladder is called a cystectomy.)
Varicocelectomy
Varicocelectomy is a surgery that removes swollen veins inside the scrotum, called varicoceles. There aren't any medications that treat or get rid of varicoceles, so your doctor may recommend surgery to remove them.
Vasectomy
Vasectomy is a form of male birth control that cuts the supply of sperm to your semen. It's done by cutting and sealing the tubes that carry sperm. Vasectomy has a low risk of problems and can usually be performed in an outpatient setting under local anesthesia.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Treatment
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when pee moves backward from the bladder to the kidneys. Normally, pee flows from the kidneys down to the bladder. Kids with mild cases of VUR often don't need treatment. Those with more serious symptoms might need to take antibiotics to prevent infection.
Immunology 1 Services
Immunology Consultation
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in disease, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer.
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