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Atakent Hospital was put into service in 2014 as the "University Hospital" of Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University. The hospital has 262 bed capacity, 12 operating theatres, 87 intensive care beds and a neonatal intensive care unit. The hospital has agreements with many health insurances. There are 136 standard rooms, 24 double rooms and 4 suites designed to meet the various needs of patients and their relatives. There is also a parking lot for 318 cars, a prayer room for the use of patients of all religions and beliefs, ATM, cafeteria and hairdresser.
Acıbadem University Atakent Hospital offers services in all fields of medicine, including cardiology and cardiovascular surgery, gynaecology and obstetrics, orthopaedics, internal medicine, neonatology, infant and paediatrics and radiology. The hospital has PET-CT, da Vinci, TrueBeam, Tomotherapy HDA, Tesla MRI, Digital Mammography, 4D Breast Ultrasonography, 3D Imaging and Navigation System for Prostate Biopsy, Ductoscopy, DSA Digital Angiography, Endoultrasonography and Ultrasonography technologies.
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- Car Rental
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- Hotel Booking
- Parking Available
- Rehabilitation
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- Spa and Wellness
- Phone Service
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- Medical Records Transfer
- Flight Booking
- Visa Office
- Local Tourism Service
- Laundry
- Translation Services
- Online Consultation
- Private Rooms
- Free Parking
- Free Wifi
- Prayer Room
- Business Services
Anesthesiology 5 Services
Epidural Pain Relief
An epidural is used for giving pain relief. It can be used during surgery to supplement a general anaesthetic, and it is continued after the operation for pain control. The nerves to your lower back pass through an area in your back close to your spine, called the 'epidural space'.
Pain Treatment
Pain medicines. physical therapies (such as heat or cold packs, massage, hydrotherapy and exercise) psychological therapies (such as cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques and meditation) mind and body techniques (such as acupuncture)
Sedation
Sedation is when drugs are given to help you feel more relaxed during a procedure. The drugs (sedatives) are usually given into your vein (intravenous or IV), but can sometimes be given by mouth (oral) or through a face mask.
Anesthetics Consultation
An anesthesia consultation, also called a pre-surgical anesthesia assessment, is a meeting between a patient and an anesthesiologist before a medical or surgical procedure.
Anesthesia
Anesthesia is the use of drugs to make surgery and other procedures painless. Anesthetics are the name for these kinds of drugs. They can be given through an injection, an inhaler, a lotion, a spray, eye drops, or a skin patch. They make it hard for you to feel or be aware of things.
Allergology 2 Services
Allergology Consultation
An allergy consultation is a meeting with an allergist or immunologist. It could be a first meeting or a follow-up meeting. It is recommended for people who have allergy symptoms or are at risk and need treatment to keep them from getting sick.
Allergy Testing
Allergy testing finds allergens that can cause allergies, such as mold, pet dander, bee stings, and peanuts. During a skin prick test, an allergen is injected into your skin to see if it causes a wheal, rash, or other reaction. IgE antibodies can be looked for in the blood.
Bariatric Surgery 9 Services
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch (BPD/DS)
Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) is a type of surgery to cause weight loss. It's also known as the duodenal switch. This type of bariatric surgery changes the size of your stomach and the length of your small intestine. It limits how much food you can eat, digest, and absorb.
Gastric Balloon Treatment
Intragastric balloon placement is a weight-loss procedure that involves placing a saline-filled silicone balloon in your stomach. This helps you lose weight by limiting how much you can eat and making you feel fuller faster.
Gastric Band Surgery
Gastric band surgery is a common type of weight-loss (bariatric) surgery for people who are very overweight or severely obese. It involves putting an adjustable band around the top part of your stomach, so you can't eat as much.
Gastric Bypass Surgery
Gastric bypass is surgery that helps you lose weight by changing how your stomach and small intestine handle the food you eat. After the surgery, your stomach will be smaller. You will feel full with less food. The food you eat will no longer go into some parts of your stomach and small intestine that absorb food.
Gastric Plication
Gastric plication is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure in which the stomach is folded in on itself and sutured (stitched) to make it smaller and shorter. This procedure reduces the amount of food your stomach can hold and helps you feel full faster and stay full longer.
Gastric Sleeve
Gastric sleeve surgery is a type of weight-loss surgery. Weight-loss surgery is also called bariatric surgery. This surgery also known as sleeve gastrectomy or vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG). Gastric sleeve surgery restricts your food intake, which leads to weight loss. You may lose from 50 to 90 pounds.
Mini Gastric Bypass
The Mini Gastric Bypass (MGB) is a short, simple, successful, reversible laparoscopic gastric bypass weight loss surgery. It has been recently renamed as One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass. The operation usually takes shorter time, with lesser or similar hospital stay as regular bypass.
POSE Procedure (Primary Obesity Surgery - Endolumenal)
Primary obesity surgery endoluminal (POSE) is an endoscopic technique that in- volves placement of a gastric transmural plications in the fundus and pre-antral area to trigger earlier physiologic feedback of fullness and less hunger.
Bariatric Surgery Consultation
In order to assist you in losing weight, bariatric surgery, which includes the weight-loss procedures gastric bypass and other weight-loss treatments, involves making modifications to your digestive system.
Infectious Diseases 4 Services
Hepatitis C Treatment
Hepatitis C is treated using direct-acting antiviral (DAA) tablets. DAA tablets are the safest and most effective medicines for treating hepatitis C. They're highly effective at clearing the infection in more than 90% of people. The tablets are taken for 8 to 12 weeks.
Hepatitis Consultation
Consultation with a gastroenterologist and hepatologist is recommended in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Consultation with a psychiatrist may be helpful before and during treatment in patients at risk of depression or other psychiatric illnesses.
HIV Consultation
HIV counselling is a confidential dialogue between a client and a counsellor aimed at enabling the client to cope with stress and take personal decisions related to HIV/AIDS. The counselling process includes evaluating the personal risk of HIV transmission, and discussing how to prevent infection.
Infectious Diseases Consultation
Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease.
Internal Medicine 1 Services
Internal Medicine Consultation
Internal medicine is a medical specialty in which physicians apply scientific knowledge and clinical expertise to diagnose and treat adults with a very broad range of health concerns and diseases. Physicians who specialize in internal medicine are called internists or general internists.
Dermatology 27 Services
Benign Growth Removal
Surgery is a common type of treatment for benign tumors. The goal is to remove the tumor without damaging surrounding tissues. Other types of treatment may include medication or radiation.
Cutaneous Horn Removal
If the lesion that is the underlying cause of a skin horn is benign (noncancerous), it is often treated by excision (surgical removal or resection) or with a procedure called curettage. This is a medical procedure involving the removal of tissue by scraping or scooping
Dermabrasion
Dermabrasion is a skin-resurfacing procedure that uses a rapidly rotating device to sand the outer layers of skin. Immediately after dermabrasion, treated skin will be reddish and swollen. The skin that grows back is usually smoother.
Dermatology Consultation
A dermatology consultation is a service provided by a dermatologist or dermatology clinic, sometimes for free, for patients who are seeking advice regarding existing problems that affect the skin, scalp, hair, nails, lips, and mouth, many of which can be diagnosed by a simple physical examination.
Dermoscopy
Dermoscopy or dermatoscopy refers to the examination of the skin using skin surface microscopy, and is also called 'epiluminoscopy' and 'epiluminescent microscopy'. Derm(at)oscopy is mainly used to evaluate pigmented skin lesions. In experienced hands it can make it easier to diagnose melanoma.
Excessive Sweating Treatment
Hyperhidrosis (hi-pur-hi-DROE-sis) is abnormally excessive sweating that's not necessarily related to heat or exercise. You may sweat so much that it soaks through your clothes or drips off your hands. Besides disrupting normal daily activities, this type of heavy sweating can cause social anxiety and embarrassment.
Hair and Scalp Treatment
Our scalp contains about 100,000 follicles, according to the American Academy of Dermatology Association. Like a seed sprouting a tree, each follicle contains a single hair that grows. The follicles also produce sebum, or oil, that helps keep the scalp moisturized and protects the skin from infection.
Hirsutism Treatment
Hirsutism is where women have thick, dark hair on their face, neck, chest, tummy, lower back, buttocks or thighs. See a GP if it's a problem for you. It might be caused by a medical condition that can be treated.
Ingrown Toenail Treatment
Ingrown toenails are a common condition in which the corner or side of a toenail grows into the soft flesh. The result is pain, inflamed skin, swelling and, sometimes, an infection. Ingrown toenails usually affect the big toe. Often you can take care of ingrown toenails on your own.
Melasma Treatment
Melasma is a skin condition characterized by brown or blue-gray patches or freckle-like spots. It's often called the “mask of pregnancy.” Melasma happens because of overproduction of the cells that make the color of your skin. It is common, harmless and some treatments may help.
Mesotherapy
Mesotherapy is a technique that uses injections of vitamins, enzymes, hormones, and plant extracts to rejuvenate and tighten skin, as well as remove excess fat. Michel Pistor, a doctor in France, developed the technique in 1952. It was originally used to relieve pain.
Milia Removal
The most common procedure for milia removal is de-roofing. Dermatologists use a sterile needle to remove the tiny flap of skin trapping the keratin flake inside the pore. They then squeeze or prick out the flake. A less-common practice is curettage, which is a form of electrosurgery.
Mole and Skin Lesion Evaluation
If a mole is elevated, or raised from of the skin, it should be considered suspicious. Change in color, especially multiple shades of dark brown or black; red, white and blue, Change or spreading of color from the edge of the mole into surrounding skin. Change in size, especially sudden or continuous enlargement.
Mole Removal
Mole removals, which is different than mole biopsy, is designed to completely remove moles from the skin in a way that minimizes scarring and creates a smooth, discreet finish. Moles are categorized as brown or black skin growths caused by the clustering of skin pigment cells, called melanocytes.
Nail Fungus Treatment
Nail fungus is a common condition that begins as a white or yellow spot under the tip of your fingernail or toenail. As the fungal infection goes deeper, nail fungus may cause your nail to discolor, thicken and crumble at the edge. It can affect several nails.
Photodynamic Therapy for Skin Problems
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive treatment that utilizes light treatment along with application of a photosensitizing agent. In dermatology, PDT is commonly used and approved for the treatment of oncological conditions such as actinic keratosis, Bowen disease and superficial basal cell carcinoma.
Pigmentation Treatment
Pigmentation refers to the coloring of the skin. Skin pigmentation disorders cause changes to the color of your skin. Melanin is made by cells in the skin and is the pigment responsible for your skin's color. Hyperpigmentation is a condition that causes your skin to darken.
Psoriasis Treatment
Psoriasis is a skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees, elbows, trunk and scalp. Psoriasis is a common, long-term (chronic) disease with no cure. It tends to go through cycles, flaring for a few weeks or months, then subsiding for a while or going into remission.
Rosacea Treatment
Rosacea is a common skin condition that causes blushing or flushing and visible blood vessels in your face. It may also produce small, pus-filled bumps. These signs and symptoms may flare up for weeks to months and then go away for a while.
Skin Biopsy
A skin biopsy is a procedure healthcare providers use to diagnose skin conditions. It can help identify a rash, infection, psoriasis or skin cancer. During a biopsy, your provider removes a small sample of skin tissue. In the lab, experts analyze the sample under a microscope.
Skin Tag (Acrochordon) Removal
Skin tags are small, noncancerous growths that form when the skin rubs against itself. They typically don't require treatment. But if their appearance bothers you, you can undergo a skin tag removal procedure.
Spider Veins Treatment
Spider veins are small, damaged veins that can appear on the surface of the legs or face. They are usually not painful or harmful, but some people may wish to treat them for cosmetic reasons. Spider veins can be blue, purple, or red and may appear in the form of thin lines, webs, or branches.
Stretch Marks Removal
Stretch marks (striae) are indented streaks that appear on the abdomen, breasts, hips, buttocks or other places on the body. They're common in pregnant women, especially during the last trimester. Stretch marks aren't painful or harmful, but some people don't like the way they make their skin look.
Vitiligo Treatment
Vitiligo is a condition in which the skin loses its pigment cells (melanocytes). This can result in discolored patches in different areas of the body, including the skin, hair and mucous membranes. Vitiligo is a disease that causes loss of skin color in patches.
Acne Scar Treatment
Scars left behind by acne do not vanish completely on their own. As a result of the natural breakdown of collagen that comes with aging, pitted acne scars often grow more obvious. However, there are a number of treatments available that help make the scars left behind by acne less obvious. In the course of a few months, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or redness could gradually go away on their own.
Acne Treatment
Acne will, in the vast majority of cases, clear up on its own at the end of adolescence; nevertheless, some individuals continue to deal with acne far into adulthood. The good news is that almost all cases of acne are treatable satisfactorily. Finding a therapy that works for you is the most important thing.
Actinic Keratoses Treatment
Actinic keratoses can be taken care of by freezing the skin with liquid nitrogen. When your doctor puts the chemical directly on the affected area, it may cause your skin to blister or peel. As your wound heals, the damaged skin cells will fall off and be replaced by new, healthy skin. Cryotherapy is the most common way to treat it.
Dentistry 49 Services
Bone Augmentation
Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly.
Bone Graft
Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that uses transplanted bone to repair and rebuild diseased or damaged bones. A bone graft is a choice for repairing bones almost anywhere in your body. Your surgeon might take bone from your hips, legs, or ribs to perform the graft.
Braces
Dental braces (also known as braces, orthodontic cases, or cases) are devices used in orthodontics that align and straighten teeth and help position them with regard to a person's bite, while also aiming to improve dental health.
Bruxism Treatment
Treatments for teeth grinding (bruxism) include using mouth guards or mouth splints, and therapy.
Cosmetic Dentistry Consultation
Cosmetic dentistry is generally used to refer to any dental work that improves the appearance (though not necessarily the functionality) of teeth, gums and/or bite. It primarily focuses on improvement in dental aesthetics in color, position, shape, size, alignment and overall smile appearance.
Crown Lengthenin
Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure performed by a dentist, or more frequently a specialist periodontist. There are a number of reasons for considering crown lengthening in a treatment plan.
Custom Mouthguard
Getting a custom mouthguard is absolutely worth the effort and the cost at your dentist's office. This is because it better protects your teeth, is more comfortable, and allows you to breathe properly regardless of what you need to do with your mouthguard in.
Dental Bonding
Teeth bonding is a procedure in which a tooth-colored resin material (a durable plastic material) is applied and hardened with a special light, which ultimately "bonds" the material to the tooth to restore or improve a person's smile.
Dental Checkup
Dental checkups are routine visits that consist of an examination and cleaning. Dental treatments are specialized visits to treat issues with fillings, deep teeth cleanings, root canals, teeth removal, and more. Dental treatments are scheduled on an as-needed basis, while dental checkups follow a regular schedule.
Dental Crown
In dentistry, crown refers to the anatomical area of teeth, usually covered by enamel. The crown is usually visible in the mouth after developing below the gingiva and then erupting into place. If part of the tooth gets chipped or broken, a dentist can apply an artificial crown.
Dental CT Scan
Dental cone beam computed tomography (CT) is a special type of x-ray equipment used when regular dental or facial x-rays are not sufficient. Your doctor may use this technology to produce three dimensional (3-D) images of your teeth, soft tissues, nerve pathways and bone in a single scan.
Dental Implant Bars
Implant bars are a mix between dentures and implants. Unlike common dentures, a bar is implanted in the patient's mouth, and the denture snaps onto the bar to hold it in place. These are generally made of acrylic with the higher-quality bars using natural-looking teeth and gums.
Dental Implant
A dental implant is a prosthesis that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a dental prosthesis such as a crown, bridge, denture, or facial prosthesis or to act as an orthodontic anchor.
Dental Impression
A dental impression is a negative imprint of hard (teeth) and soft tissues in the mouth from which a positive reproduction (cast or model) can be formed. It is made by placing an appropriate material in a stock or custom dental impression tray which is designed to roughly fit over the dental arches. Impression material is of liquid or semi-solid nature when first mixed and placed in the mouth. It then sets to become an elastic solid (usually takes a few minutes depending upon the material), leaving an imprint of person's dentition and surrounding structures of oral cavity.
Dental Post and Core
Post and core is a dental restoration treatment that's sometimes performed after a root canal. When a significant portion of a tooth's structure is removed, a post and core can help keep a dental crown in place. Dental crowns are put on top of teeth, to protect them from further damage or infection.
Dental X-Rays
Dental X-rays (radiographs) are images of your teeth that your dentist uses to evaluate your oral health. These X-rays are used with low levels of radiation to capture images of the interior of your teeth and gums. This can help your dentist to identify problems, like cavities, tooth decay, and impacted teeth
Dentistry Consultation
A consultation is basically an evaluation of the current condition of your teeth. If you haven't seen a dentist in a while, you may be worried or embarrassed about the current state of your teeth. A good dentist won't be judgmental or make you feel bad about your current dental health.
Denture
Dentures are prosthetic devices constructed to replace missing teeth, and are supported by the surrounding soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Conventional dentures are removable.
Fluoride Application
Fluoride treatments are typically professional treatments containing a high concentration of fluoride that a dentist or hygienist will apply to a person's teeth to improve health and reduce the risk of cavities. These in-office treatments may take the form of a solution, gel, foam, or varnish.
Frenectomy
Frenectomy refers to the procedure that removes the connective tissue (called the frenum) at either the top or the bottom of the mouth, specifically under the tongue or the upper gums. We offer this procedure at our offices in Lynn, MA and Salem, MA.
Hygienic Treatment
Hygienic is commonly used to mean clean and sanitary. It can also mean promoting good health or related to or involving hygiene—a collection of practices to promote and preserve health, or a condition involving the use of such practices.
Impacted Tooth Extraction
Wisdom tooth extraction is a surgical procedure to remove one or more wisdom teeth — the four permanent adult teeth located at the back corners of your mouth on the top and bottom.
Implant-Supported Dental Bridge
Implant-supported bridges are very similar to traditional bridges. However, instead of being supported by dental crowns placed over adjacent teeth, implant-supported bridges attach to small titanium posts embedded in the jaw. The number of posts placed will depend on the size of the bridge.
Implant-Supported Overdenture
An implant-retained overdenture is a removable dental prosthesis that is supported by the residual oral tissues and employs dental implants for retention. Implant-retained overdentures are a treatment alternative for many patients for whom conventional dentures are poorly tolerated.
Laser Treatment for Gum Disease
Laser treatment is a non-surgical gum disease treatment where the dentist uses a laser to access an infected area to destroy an infected bacteria and tissue. It is an excellent alternative to conventional gum surgery because it permits treatment without stitching or cutting and with less discomfort to the patient.
Lingual Braces
Lingual braces are one of the many types of the fixed orthodontic treatment appliances available to patients needing orthodontics.
Mini Dental Implant
Mini dental implants are a special type of tooth replacement for missing teeth. Like their full-sized counterparts, mini dental implants provide a permanent structure to replace missing teeth. While regular dental implants effectively replace missing teeth, they are not right for everyone.
Pediatric Dentistry
A pediatric dentist, defined, is a specially trained dentist who focuses on caring for children from infancy through the teenage years, and also adults with special needs.
Periodontal Scaling
Scaling is when your dentist removes all the plaque and tartar (hardened plaque) above and below the gumline, making sure to clean all the way down to the bottom of the pocket. Your dentist will then begin root planing, smoothing out your teeth roots to help your gums reattach to your teeth.
Periodontal Surgery
Periodontal surgery is a dental procedure to restore the look and function of teeth, gums, and bone damaged due to severe gum disease. A periodontist can help you determine if you're a candidate for surgery.
Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy is a dental procedure done to save a severely decayed tooth. It's most commonly done on children with baby teeth, but it may also be used for adults and older children who already have their permanent teeth. This procedure is used to remove infected pulp from under the tooth's crown.
Recessed Gum Treatment
Your gums fit tightly around your teeth to help anchor them into your mouth and to protect them from damage. To have receding gums means that the gum tissue surrounding your teeth has pulled back to expose more of your tooth than is normal.
Retainer
Orthodontic retainers are custom-made devices, usually made of wires or clear plastic, that hold teeth in position after surgery or any method of realigning teeth.
Root Resection
Root resection is the process by which one or more of the roots of a tooth are removed at the level of the furcation while leaving the crown and remaining roots in function.
Scaling and Root Planing
Scaling and root planing, also known as conventional periodontal therapy, non-surgical periodontal therapy or deep cleaning, is a procedure involving removal of dental plaque and calculus (scaling or debridement) and then smoothing, or planing, of the (exposed) surfaces of the roots, removing cementum or dentine that ...
Sinus Lift
A sinus lift refers to the augmentation or lifting up of the maxillary sinus to make more room for new bone. The maxillary sinuses are air-filled cavities that are located just above the back portion of the maxilla or upper jaw.
Space Maintainer
Dental space maintainers are devices used to leave enough space open for permanent teeth to grow in after baby teeth are lost prematurely. While it might not seem like a big problem at first, not taking care of a gap can lead to expensive problems down the road.
Teeth Cleaning
During a routine dental cleaning, your hygienist uses special tools to remove sticky plaque and hard tartar deposits from the surfaces of your teeth above your gums. These cleanings are very important for preventing gum disease and even for treating very mild forms of the disease (called gingivitis).
Teeth Polishing
Dental polishing, sometimes called tooth polishing, is a cleaning method your dentist uses to keep your teeth healthy. It is used to: Smooth the surface of your teeth. Remove stains. Get rid of plaque.
Tooth Reshaping
Tooth reshaping, also called dental contouring, is a cosmetic dentistry technique that removes small amounts of tooth enamel (the outer covering of the tooth) in order to change the shape, length, or surface of one or more teeth.
Tooth Sealant
Dental sealants are thin coatings that when painted on the chewing surfaces of the back teeth (molars) can prevent cavities (tooth decay) for many years. Sealants protect the chewing surfaces from cavities by covering them with a protective shield that blocks out germs and food.
Veneers
Dental veneers are thin, tooth-colored shells that are attached to the front surface of teeth to improve their appearance. They’re often made from porcelain or resin-composite materials and are permanently bonded to your teeth.
Alineadent
It is invisible 3D braces made just for each patient out of a flexible material.
All-on-2
Even though the number of people who use snap-in dentures has grown a lot in recent years, they aren't likely to replace traditional dentures completely. They are a great choice for a lot of people, but others can't stand them.
All-on-4
When you get an All-on-4 implant, you don't have to replace each missing tooth separately. Instead, a dentist will use surgery to put four titanium posts into your jawbone. These will be the main anchors. Then, they can attach a permanent denture to these four spots, giving your mouth a smooth look.
All-on-6
During the All-On-6 Dental Implant procedure, six dental implants are used to create a permanent prosthesis. It is used to hold a bridge or an overdenture in place. Six implants are put into the lower or upper jawbone to hold replacement teeth in place for good.
All-on-8
All-on-8 is a dental implant procedure in which a prosthesis is attached to the jawbone. This is similar to the popular "all-on-4" method, but the prosthesis is held in place by eight dental implants instead of four.
Alveoloplasty
Alveoloplasty is a common dental procedure that is usually done after a tooth has been removed. This procedure helps restore the natural shape of the gums and jaw, which may have been lost because of bone loss after a tooth was pulled or for another reason.
Apicoectomy
An apicoectomy is a frequent dental surgery in which inflammatory gum tissue and the end of the root of the tooth are removed while the crown of the tooth is left in place. The operation is called a "apicoectomie." Because it operates on what is known as the apex, which is the end (or tip) of your root, it is sometimes referred to as a root-end resection.
Endocrinology 9 Services
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Treatment
Classic CAH is treated with steroids that replace the low hormones. Infants and children usually take a form of cortisol called hydrocortisone. Adults take hydrocortisone, prednisone, or dexamethasone, which also replace cortisol.
Diabetes Consultation
A diabetes consultation is an appointment with a medical professional specializing in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of diabetes who could be your primary care doctor or a specialist called endocrinologist.
Endocrinology Consultation
An endocrinology consultation focuses on identifying the probable cause/s of the problem and recommending an ideal treatment method.
Endocrinology Testing
Endocrinology is the field of hormone-related diseases. An endocrinologist can diagnose and treat hormone problems and the complications that arise from them. Hormones regulate metabolism, respiration, growth, reproduction, sensory perception, and movement.
Hyperthyroidism Treatment
Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) occurs when your thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Hyperthyroidism can accelerate your body's metabolism, causing unintentional weight loss and a rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Treatment
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age. Women with PCOS may have infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods or excess male hormone (androgen) levels. The ovaries may develop numerous small collections of fluid (follicles) and fail to regularly release eggs.
Thyroid Adenoma Treatment
Thyroid adenomas are benign lesions of the thyroid gland. These lesions may be inactive or active, producing thyroid hormones. In this case, they may be referred to as toxic thyroid adenomas. Patients with thyroid adenomas are usually asymptomatic.
Thyroid Biopsy
A thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue from your thyroid gland. Cells are removed through a small, hollow needle. The sample is sent to the lab for analysis. The thyroid gland is in the front of your neck.
Thyroid Checkup
Health care professionals use thyroid tests to check how well your thyroid is working and to find the cause of problems such as hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck that makes two thyroid hormones.
Physical Therapy 2 Services
Physical Therapy Consultation
Physical therapy (PT) is care that aims to ease pain and help you function, move, and live better. You may need it to: Relieve pain. Improve movement or ability. Prevent or recover from a sports injury.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF)
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is a more advanced form of flexibility training. PNF involves both stretching and contracting (activation) of the muscle group being targeted in order to achieve maximum static flexibility.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 35 Services
Bioptron Lamp Irradiation Treatment
Bioptron therapy was shown to be an effective short term treatment for lateral epicondylitis 14. Bioptron therapy speeds healing following cosmetic facial procedures, and large wounds following major abdominal surgery.
Bobath Concept Therapy
In the United States the Bobath concept is usually referred to as 'neuro-developmental treatment' (NDT). It is based on the brain's ability to reorganise (neuroplasticity) It is a multidisciplinary approach, involving physiotherapists, occupational therapists and speech and language therapists.
Bone and Joint Screening
A bone density scan (also called a DEXA scan) which is a diagnostic test used to measure the strength of an individual's bones and the probability one has of potentially breaking a bone. A bone density scan uses a low-dose X-ray that takes about 10 minutes and is most commonly performed on the lower spine and hips.
Burn Injuries Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation from a burn injury is a lengthy process, which starts on day one and involves a continuum of care through to scar maturation and beyond. It involves a dedicated multidisciplinary team of professionals and the full participation of the patient.
Chiropractic Adjustment
Chiropractic adjustment is a procedure in which trained specialists (chiropractors) use their hands or a small instrument to apply a controlled, sudden force to a spinal joint. The goal of this procedure, also known as spinal manipulation, is to improve spinal motion and improve your body's physical function.
Chiropractic Consultation
A thorough chiropractic exam includes general tests, such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and reflexes. Specific orthopedic and neurological tests may also be used to assess the: Range of motion of the affected body part(s) Muscle tone. Muscle strength
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Treatment
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition that causes pain and other symptoms. Scientists believe abnormal nerve functioning causes an overreaction to pain signals that the nervous system can’t shut off. Although there is no cure, treatments are aimed at decreasing symptoms, restoring limb function and maintaining your quality of life.
Cryotherapy
Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold to freeze and remove abnormal tissue. Doctors use it to treat many skin conditions (including warts and skin tags) and some cancers, including prostate, cervical and liver cancer. This treatment is also called cryoablation.
Decompression Therapy
In medicine, Decompression refers to the removal or repositioning of any structure compressing any other structure. Common examples include decompressive craniectomy, and spinal decompression to relieve pressure on nerve roots.
Early Stimulation Therapy
By early 'infant stimulation' programs we mean. early interventional therapy for babies at risk for. developmental delay and periodic developmental. assessment, in motor development, cognitive. functioning, language or adaptive functioning.
Electrotherapy
Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment. In medicine, the term electrotherapy can apply to a variety of treatments, including the use of electrical devices such as deep brain stimulators for neurological disease.
Endurance Training
What Is Endurance Training? Endurance training describes any type of athletic training that increases your body's cardiovascular or muscular endurance. Endurance training helps develop the body's respiratory capabilities and muscular strength to sustain physical activity with lower injury risks for extended periods.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES)
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a treatment method in which low level electrical impulses are applied to nerves or muscles to improve or restore muscle function in people with spinal cord injuries.
Functional Training
Functional training is a type of exercise that looks like movements you make in your daily life. It can be helpful for athletic performance, injury prevention, and other everyday fitness tasks.
Geriatric Rehabilitation
High blood pressure might be an intergenerational problem, but issues like cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, urinary incontinence, vascular dementia, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases are far more common among older adults.
Heat Therapy
Heat therapy works by improving circulation and blood flow to a particular area due to increased temperature. Increasing the temperature of the afflicted area even slightly can soothe discomfort and increase muscle flexibility. Heat therapy can relax and soothe muscles and heal damaged tissue.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) Treatment
Human growth hormone (hGH) is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the pituitary gland. It's important for growth, cell regeneration, and cell reproduction. HGH helps to maintain, build, and repair healthy tissue in the brain and other organs.
Hydrotherapy
Hydrotherapy is one of the basic methods of treatment widely used in the system of natural medicine, which is also called as water therapy, aquatic therapy, pool therapy, and balneotherapy. Use of water in various forms and in various temperatures can produce different effects on different system of the body.
Kinergetics
Kinergetics uses applied kinesiology (muscle testing) and healing energy to help identify and release pain and stress from the body by locating and correcting emotional and metaphysical causes of disease.
Kinesiotherapy
Kinesiotherapy or Kinesitherapy or kinesiatrics (kinēsis, "movement"), literally "movement therapy", is the therapeutic treatment of disease by passive and active muscular movements (as by massage) and of exercise. It is the core element of physiotherapy/physical therapy.
Knee Brace
Knee braces are supports to be worn when you have pain in your knee. Some people use them to prevent knee injuries during sports. Braces are made from combinations of metal, foam, plastic, or elastic material and straps. They come in many sizes, colors, and designs.
Magnetic Therapy
Magnetic therapy is an alternative medical practice that uses static (i.e. unmoving) magnets to alleviate pain and other health concerns. So-called therapeutic magnets are typically integrated into bracelets, rings, or shoe inserts, though therapeutic magnetic mattresses and clothing are also on the market.
Manual Therapy
Manual therapy, or manipulative therapy, is a physical treatment primarily used by physical therapists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists to treat musculoskeletal pain and disability; it mostly includes kneading and manipulation of muscles, joint mobilization and joint manipulation.
Medical Gymnastics
Medical gymnastics undoubtedly has a place in the treatment of certain disorders. For posture defects, for deformities and for inflammations of the muscles, nerves and joints, such treatment tends to hasten recovery and relieve symptoms.
Motor Coordination Diagnostics
Motor coordination is the ability to coordinate muscle activation in a sequence that preserves posture. The use of muscle synergies in postural reactions and sway strategies in standing are examples of this coordination and are described in the upcoming section on neural control.
Neurologic Physical Therapy
Neurological Physical Therapy encompasses specialized comprehensive evaluation and treatment of individuals with movement problems due to disease or injury of the nervous system.
Orthopedic Rehabilitation
Orthopedic Rehabilitation, also known as Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, is dedicated to treating injuries or illnesses involving the musculoskeletal system including bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue.
Physical Therapy Consultation
Physical therapy (PT) is care that aims to ease pain and help you function, move, and live better. You may need it to: Relieve pain. Improve movement or ability. Prevent or recover from a sports injury.
Robot-assisted HAL® Therapy
The HAL 9000 Computer is a non-human and central character in the film by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke - 2001: A Space Odyssey. As the brain of the spaceship Discovery, HAL is a robot that uses the mechanical, sensing, and information systems under its control.
Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation
A spinal cord injury — damage to any part of the spinal cord or nerves at the end of the spinal canal (cauda equina) — often causes permanent changes in strength, sensation and other body functions below the site of the injury.
Spinal Therapy
Spinal traction is a form of decompression therapy that relieves pressure on the spine. It can be performed manually or mechanically. Spinal traction is used to treat herniated discs, sciatica, degenerative disc disease, pinched nerves, and many other back conditions.
Strength Training
A system of physical conditioning in which muscles are exercised by being worked against an opposing force (as by lifting weights) to increase strength While everyone loses some muscle mass with age, a condition known as sarcopenia, it's possible to slow or even reverse that loss with regular strength training.
Stroke Rehabilitation
The goal of stroke rehabilitation is to help you relearn skills you lost when a stroke affected part of your brain. Stroke rehabilitation can help you regain independence and improve your quality of life. The severity of stroke complications and each person's ability to recover vary widely.
Targeted Laser Therapy
Laser therapy uses an intense, narrow beam of light to remove or destroy cancer and abnormal cells that can turn into cancer. Tumor cells absorb light of different wavelengths (or colors) than normal cells do. So, tumor cells can be targeted by selecting the proper wavelength of the laser.
Balance and Vestibular Rehabilitation Therapy
A vestibular physical therapist who specializes in vestibular rehabilitation develops an exercise-based program called vestibular rehabilitation for the purpose of enhancing a patient's balance and alleviating issues that are associated with dizziness.
Gastroenterology 37 Services
Bile Duct Cancer Surgery
Intrahepatic bile duct cancers are in bile ducts that are inside the liver. To treat these cancers, the surgeon cuts out the part of the liver containing the cancer. Removing part of the liver is called a partial hepatectomy. Sometimes this means that a whole lobe (right or left part) of the liver must be removed.
Cholecystectomy
A cholecystectomy (koh-luh-sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove your gallbladder — a pear-shaped organ that sits just below your liver on the upper right side of your abdomen. Your gallbladder collects and stores bile — a digestive fluid produced in your liver.
Choledochotomy
Surgical incision of the common bile duct Patients with clonorchiasis are usually asymptomatic and treatment is limited to complications. Treatment consists of cholecystectomy, choledochotomy, and T-tube drainage.
Colonoscopy
A colonoscopy (koe-lun-OS-kuh-pee) is an exam used to detect changes or abnormalities in the large intestine (colon) and rectum. During a colonoscopy, a long, flexible tube (colonoscope) is inserted into the rectum. A tiny video camera at the tip of the tube allows the doctor to view the inside of the entire colon.
Colostomy
A colostomy is an operation to divert 1 end of the colon (part of the bowel) through an opening in the tummy. The opening is called a stoma. A pouch can be placed over the stoma to collect your poo (stools). A colostomy can be permanent or temporary.
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or (ERCP), is a procedure to diagnose and treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas. It combines X-ray and the use of an endoscope—a long, flexible, lighted tube.
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive procedure to assess digestive (gastrointestinal) and lung diseases. A special endoscope uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the lining and walls of your digestive tract and chest, nearby organs such as the pancreas and liver, and lymph nodes.
Endoscopy
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Esophageal Cancer Surgery
One operation used to treat esophageal cancer is esophagectomy. During esophagectomy, your surgeon removes the portion of your esophagus that contains the tumor, along with a portion of the upper part of your stomach, and nearby lymph nodes. The remaining esophagus is reconnected to your stomach.
Esophageal Diverticula Surgery
Endoscopic diverticulotomy (Dohlman procedure): This procedure divides the septum between the cervical esophagus and the diverticular pouch. By dividing the septum, food can freely drain from the pouch to the esophagus.
Esophageal Manometry
Esophageal manometry (muh-NOM-uh-tree) is a test that shows whether your esophagus is working properly. The esophagus is a long, muscular tube that connects your throat to your stomach. When you swallow, your esophagus contracts and pushes food into your stomach. Esophageal manometry measures the contractions.
Esophageal pH Monitoring
Esophageal pH monitoring is a test that measures how often stomach acid enters the tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach (called the esophagus). The test also measures how long the acid stays there.
Esophagoscopy
Esophagoscopy is a medical procedure that allows your doctor to look inside your esophagus. This procedure helps your doctor diagnose conditions that affect your esophagus. It is done using an endoscope or esophagoscope, which is a thin tube with an attached light and camera.
Gallstones Treatment
Gallstones are hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder. Bile is a digestive fluid produced in your liver and stored in your gallbladder. When you eat, your gallbladder contracts and empties bile into your small intestine (duodenum).
Gastroenterology Consultation
A gastroenterology consultation is an in-depth one-to-one meeting between you and a gastroenterologist. We ask you to describe your issue in depth, and ask you questions. We traditionally do a physical examination, and then based on our assessment make recommendations for testing and treatment.
Gastroenterostomy
A gastroenterostomy is the surgical creation of a connection between the stomach and the jejunum. The operation can sometimes be performed at the same time as a partial gastrectomy (the removal of part of the stomach).
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Treatment
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube connecting your mouth and stomach (esophagus). This backwash (acid reflux) can irritate the lining of your esophagus. Many people experience acid reflux from time to time.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract Biopsy
Upper GI endoscopy is a test that looks inside your upper GI (gastrointestinal) tract. This includes your food pipe (esophagus), stomach, and duodenum (the first part of your small intestine). The test is also known as EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy).
Gastrointestinal Perforation Repair
Treatment most often involves emergency surgery to repair the hole. Sometimes, a small part of the intestine must be removed. One end of the intestine may be brought out through an opening (stoma) made in the abdominal wall. This is called a colostomy or ileostomy.
Gastroscopy
A gastroscopy is a test to check inside your throat, food pipe (oesophagus) and stomach, known as the upper part of your digestive system. This test can help find what's causing your symptoms.
Gastrostomy
A gastrostomy is a surgical procedure used to insert a tube, often referred to as a "G-tube", through the abdomen and into the stomach. Gastrostomy is used to provide a route for tube feeding if needed for four weeks or longer, and/or to vent the stomach for air or drainage.
Heller Myotomy
Heller myotomy is a surgical procedure in which the muscles of the cardia (lower esophageal sphincter or LES) are cut, allowing food and liquids to pass to the stomach.
Intra-Abdominal Adhesions Surgery
Abdominal adhesions are scar tissue that forms between abdominal tissues and organs that causes your tissues and organs to stick together. Surgery of the abdomen is the main cause of this scar tissue. You usually won't need treatment.
Laparoscopic Anti-Reflux (GERD) Surgery
A Nissen fundoplication is a surgery to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). During the procedure, a surgeon creates a sphincter (tightening muscle) at the bottom of the esophagus to prevent acid reflux. Most people notice a significant decrease in acid reflux symptoms after the surgery.
Liver Cancer Surgery
The best option to cure liver cancer is with either surgical resection (removal of the tumor with surgery) or a liver transplant. If all cancer in the liver is completely removed, you will have the best outlook. Small liver cancers may also be cured with other types of treatment such as ablation or radiation.
Liver Hemangioma Surgery
Surgery to remove part of the liver, including the hemangioma. In some cases, surgeons may need to remove a portion of your liver along with the hemangioma. Procedures to stop blood flow to the hemangioma. Without a blood supply, the hemangioma may stop growing or shrink.
Liver Transarterial Chemo Embolization (TACE)
Transarterial chemoembolization or TACE combines the local delivery of chemotherapy with a procedure called embolization to treat cancer, most often of the liver. It is a non-surgical and minimally invasive procedure performed in radiology, usually by an interventional radiologist.
Liver Transplant (Living Related Donor)
A living-donor liver transplant is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the liver from a healthy living person is removed and placed into someone whose liver is no longer working properly.
Meckel's Diverticulum Surgery
Meckel diverticulectomy is surgery to remove an abnormal pouch of the lining of the small intestine (bowel). This pouch is called a Meckel diverticulum.
Ostomy
(OS-toh-mee) An operation to create an opening (a stoma) from an area inside the body to the outside. Colostomy and urostomy are types of ostomies.
Pancreatectomy
Pancreatectomy is the technical name for surgery to remove all or part of the pancreas. This procedure can be used to treat conditions like pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis.
Pancreatic Cyst Treatment
Pancreatic cysts are saclike pockets of fluid on or in your pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. Pancreatic cysts are typically found during imaging testing for another problem.
Pancreatitis Treatment
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Either form is serious and can lead to complications. Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly and usually goes away in a few days with treatment.
Sigmoidoscopy
A sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic test used to check the sigmoid colon, which is the lower part of your colon or large intestine. This section of your colon is close to your rectum and anus. A sigmoidoscopy can help diagnose the following symptoms: Diarrhea.
Surgery for Cholecystitis
Most people with the condition eventually need surgery to remove the gallbladder. Gallbladder removal surgery is called a cholecystectomy. Usually, this is a minimally invasive procedure, involving a few tiny incisions in your abdomen (laparoscopic cholecystectomy).
Surgery for Liver Cysts
Simple liver cysts are fluid-filled cavities in the liver. Usually, they cause no signs or symptoms and need no treatment. However, they may become large enough to cause pain or discomfort in the upper right part of the abdomen. Most liver cysts can be detected on ultrasound or computerized tomography (CT) scans.
Urea Breath Test
This test examines your breath for the presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria, which can cause gastritis (inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach) or ulcers in the stomach and small intestine. The test is a painless and non-invasive procedure that takes about 20 minutes.
General Surgery 24 Services
Breast Abscess Drainage
Treatment for a breast abscess involves draining the area of pus. First, your doctor will numb your skin with a local anesthetic so you don't feel any pain. Then, they'll remove the pus by either making a small incision and physically draining the abscess, or by removing the pus via a needle.
Breast Lumpectomy
Lumpectomy is a surgical removal of a discrete portion or "lump" of breast tissue, usually in the treatment of a malignant tumor or breast cancer.
Breast Tumor Removal
Lumpectomy (lum-PEK-tuh-me) is surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from your breast. During a lumpectomy procedure, the surgeon removes the cancer or other abnormal tissue and a small amount of the healthy tissue that surrounds it. This ensures that all of the abnormal tissue is removed.
Cyst Removal
The removal of a cyst refers to any procedure used to remove an abnormal soft tissue growth or pocket of fluid that forms in various parts of the body. There are several types of cyst removal procedures performed depending on the type of cyst, its size, and its location.
Gastrectomy
Gastrectomy is surgery to remove part or all of the stomach. If only part of the stomach is removed, it is called partial gastrectomy. If the whole stomach is removed, it is called total gastrectomy.
General Surgery Consultation
Surgery consultation, which is an essential part of any surgical procedure, involves making an assessment as to whether the patient is fit to undergo surgery and if the benefits of the procedure outweigh the risk.
Hernia Repair
Open hernia repair is where an incision, or cut, is made in the groin. The hernia “sac” containing the bulging intestine is identified. The surgeon then pushes the hernia back into the abdomen and strengthens the abdominal wall with stitches or synthetic mesh.
Hiatal Hernia Surgery
Surgery to repair a hiatal hernia may involve pulling your stomach down into your abdomen and making the opening in your diaphragm smaller or reconstructing an esophageal sphincter. In some cases, hiatal hernia surgery is combined with weight-loss surgery, such as a sleeve gastrectomy.
Laparoscopy
Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to access the inside of the abdomen (tummy) and pelvis without having to make large incisions in the skin. This procedure is also known as keyhole surgery or minimally invasive surgery.
Lipoma Removal
Most lipomas are removed surgically by cutting them out. Recurrences after removal are uncommon. Possible side effects are scarring and bruising. A technique known as minimal excision extraction may result in less scarring. Liposuction.
Liver Resection
Liver resection is the removal of part of the liver during an operation. The body can cope with removal of up to two-thirds of the liver. The liver also has the ability to grow back. Within 3 months of your operation, the remainder of your liver will have grown back to near normal size.
Lymph Node Biopsy
A lymph node biopsy is the removal of lymph node tissue for examination under a microscope. The lymph nodes are small glands that make white blood cells (lymphocytes), which fight infection. Lymph nodes may trap the germs that are causing an infection. Cancer can spread to lymph nodes.
Lymph Nodes Removal
Lymph node removal is a surgical procedure to take out one or more of your lymph nodes. Your doctor may recommend you have this procedure if you've been diagnosed with cancer. There are two main reasons for removing lymph nodes. If you have cancer, one or more lymph nodes may be removed to check whether it has spread.
Mastectomy
A mastectomy is an operation to remove a breast. It's used to treat breast cancer in women and breast cancer in men. The operation takes about 90 minutes, and most people go home the following day.
Nephrectomy
Kidney removal, or nephrectomy, is surgery to remove all or part of a kidney. It may involve: Part of one kidney removed (partial nephrectomy). All of one kidney removed (simple nephrectomy). Removal of one entire kidney, surrounding fat, and the adrenal gland (radical nephrectomy).
Omentectomy
The benefit of an omentectomy is to remove cancer if it's spread to the omentum or to help stage the cancer to determine the most beneficial treatment. Cancer surgeries, such as an omentectomy, can cause side effects including temporary tenderness or pain.
Pleurodesis
Pleurodesis is a procedure that sticks your lung to your chest wall. This procedure removes the space between your lung and your chest wall (pleural space) so that fluid or air no longer builds up between the layers.
Robotic Surgery
Robotic surgery, or robot-assisted surgery, allows doctors to perform many types of complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control than is possible with conventional techniques. Robotic surgery is usually associated with minimally invasive surgery — procedures performed through tiny incisions.
Splenectomy
A splenectomy is surgery to remove the entire spleen, a delicate, fist-sized organ that sits under the left rib cage near the stomach. The spleen is an important part of the body's defense (immune) system. It contains special white blood cells that destroy bacteria and help the body fight infections when you are sick.
Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a non-surgical radiation therapy used to treat functional abnormalities and small tumors of the brain. It can deliver precisely-targeted radiation in fewer high-dose treatments than traditional therapy, which can help preserve healthy tissue.
Thoracostomy
Thoracostomy is a minimally invasive procedure in which a doctor inserts a thin plastic tube into the pleural space — the area between the chest wall and lungs. They may attach the tube to a suction device to remove excess fluid or air. Or, they may use the chest tube to deliver medications into the pleural space.
Adrenalectomy
Surgical removal of either one or both of the adrenal glands is referred to as an adrenalectomy. Above each of your kidneys is a little gland called an adrenal gland. Your adrenal glands generate hormones that govern your metabolism, immunological system, blood pressure, and blood sugar.
After Surgery Care
Following any kind of medical procedure, you can expect to have some side effects. Surgery will almost always include some degree of discomfort. There is also a possibility that the place where the surgeon sliced would experience swelling as well as pain. Your surgeon will be able to provide you with information on the possible adverse effects.
Appendectomy
An appendectomy is surgery that removes an infected appendix. This problem is called appendicitis. A common emergency surgery is appendectomy. The appendix is a small pouch connected to the large intestine.
General Medicine 15 Services
Bone Marrow Transplant
Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a special therapy for patients with certain cancers or other diseases. A bone marrow transplant involves taking cells that are normally found in the bone marrow (stem cells), filtering those cells, and giving them back either to the donor (patient) or to another person.
Cryosurgery
Cryosurgery is a type of surgery that involves the use of extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissues, such as tumors. The surgery most often involves the use of liquid nitrogen, although carbon dioxide and argon may also be used.
Deep Wound Treatment
An open wound is an injury involving an external or internal break in body tissue, usually involving the skin. Nearly everyone will experience an open wound at some point in their life. Most open wounds are minor and can be treated at home.
Doctor Consultation
Medical consultation means a consultation which takes place between an employee and a licensed physician for the purpose of determining what medical examinations or procedures, if any, are appropriate in cases where a significant exposure to a hazardous chemical may have taken place.
Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT)
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), sometimes referred to as EPAT Therapy or simply “Shockwave,” is a non-invasive therapy used to treat pain and promote healing by delivering high-energy sound waves to injured or damaged tissue during short treatment sessions.
Female Health Checkup
A full check up for women includes a comprehensive work-up for general health, including heart diseases, cholesterol, diabetes, major organ functions, osteoporosis and common cancers like liver and colon cancer. During the tests, the doctor may ask you some questions.
Follow-Up Check
(FAH-loh-up kayr) Care given to a patient over time after finishing treatment for a disease. Follow-up care involves regular medical checkups, which may include a physical exam, blood tests, and imaging tests.
General Medicine Consultation
Also referred to as a medical consultation, a general consultation is a meeting between a physician and a patient.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) Treatment
Hereditary spastic paraplegia is a general term for a group of rare inherited disorders that cause weakness and stiffness in the leg muscles. Symptoms gradually get worse over time. It's also known as familial spastic paraparesis or Strümpell-Lorrain syndrome.
Hyperbaric Medicine
Hyperbaric medicine is medical treatment in which an ambient pressure greater than sea level atmospheric pressure is a necessary component.
Lumbar Puncture
A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is performed in your lower back, in the lumbar region. During a lumbar puncture, a needle is inserted between two lumbar bones (vertebrae) to remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord to protect them from injury.
Male Health Checkup
A men's health check is a screening service that can detect the early warning signs of a range of health conditions affecting men, such as diabetes and prostate cancer. Using the results of these health tests, specialists can build a clear picture of what your current health is like and identify any future risks.
Marfan Syndrome Treatment
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a rare multi-systemic genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue. Those with the condition tend to be tall and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers, and toes. They also typically have overly-flexible joints and scoliosis.
Medical Examination
The medical examination will include a medical history review, physical examination, chest X-ray and blood tests for syphilis. The physical examination will at least include examination of the eyes, ears, nose and throat, extremities, heart, lungs, abdomen, lymph nodes and skin.
Medical Report
A medical report is a comprehensive report that covers a person's clinical history. A medical report is a vital piece of evidence that can validate and support your claim for Social Security Disability benefits.
Gynecology 48 Services
Breast Biopsy
A breast biopsy is a procedure to remove a sample of breast tissue for testing. The tissue sample is sent to a lab, where doctors who specialize in analyzing blood and body tissue (pathologists) examine the tissue sample and provide a diagnosis
Breast Exam
A breast self-exam for breast awareness is an inspection of your breasts that you do on your own. To help increase your breast awareness, you use your eyes and hands to determine if there are any changes to the look and feel of your breasts.
Cardiotocography (CTG)
Cardiotocography is a technique used to monitor the fetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions during pregnancy and labour. The machine used to perform the monitoring is called a cardiotocograph.
Cervical Biopsy
A cervical biopsy is a surgical procedure in which a small amount of tissue is removed from the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus located at the end of the vagina. A cervical biopsy is usually done after an abnormality has been found during a routine pelvic exam or Pap smear.
Cervical Cautery
Cervical Cauterization is a procedure wherein heat (or diathermy) is used for treating the cells on the neck of the cervix. This procedure causes delicate, easily broken cells to grow into newer, healthy and strong cells which are unlikely to result in discharge or irregular bleeding.
Cervical Cerclage
Cervical cerclage is a medical procedure in which your doctor places a single stitch around your cervix, the opening to your uterus. The stitch sews your cervix closed. Doctors perform cerclage to prevent late (second trimester) miscarriages and preterm (early) delivery.
Cervical Conization
Cervical conization (CPT codes 57520 (Cold Knife) and 57522 (Loop Excision)) refers to an excision of a cone-shaped sample of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization may be used for either diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy or therapeutic purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells.
Cervical Polyp Removal
Cervical polyps are removed with an instrument called polyp forceps. They are used to grasp the base of the polyp and the polyp is removed with a gentle twisting motion. Occasionally, if the doctor or nurse cannot see the base of the polyp, a procedure called hysteroscopy is performed.
Colposcopy
Colposcopy (kol-POS-kuh-pee) is a procedure to closely examine your cervix, vagina and vulva for signs of disease. During colposcopy, your doctor uses a special instrument called a colposcope. Your doctor may recommend colposcopy if your Pap test result is abnormal.
Contraceptive Implant
The contraceptive implant (Nexplanon) is a small flexible plastic rod that's placed under the skin in your upper arm by a doctor or nurse.
Cystocele Repair
A cystocele repair is a surgery to put your bladder back in its normal place. Your surgeon will fix the wall between your bladder and vagina to keep your bladder from moving again.
Dilation and Curettage
Dilation and curettage refers to the dilation of the cervix and surgical removal of part of the lining of the uterus and/or contents of the uterus by scraping and scooping.
Ectopic Pregnancy Surgery
Salpingostomy and salpingectomy are two laparoscopic surgeries used to treat some ectopic pregnancies. In these procedure, a small incision is made in the abdomen, near or in the navel. Next, your doctor uses a thin tube equipped with a camera lens and light (laparoscope) to view the tubal area.
Endometriosis Treatment
Endometriosis (en-doe-me-tree-O-sis) is an often painful disorder in which tissue similar to the tissue that normally lines the inside of your uterus — the endometrium — grows outside your uterus. Endometriosis most commonly involves your ovaries, fallopian tubes and the tissue lining your pelvis.
Episiotomy Repair
An episiotomy should be repaired promptly to reduce blood loss and prevent infection. Repair of an episiotomy is undertaken in three stages: repair of the vaginal mucosa, repair of the muscle layer and repair of the skin layer. Adequate pain relief should be provided before suturing.
Female Sterilization
Sterilization (sometimes called female sterilization, tubal ligation, or “getting your tubes tied”) is a safe and effective surgical procedure that permanently prevents pregnancy.
Fetal Medicine Consultation
Consultation: Patients are often referred to maternal-fetal medicine for consultation due to a medical condition that may complicate their pregnancy. Often, patients referred for consultation continue their prenatal care with their doctor or midwife.
Gynecology Checkup
A gyn checkup is a yearly health check — like a regular eye exam or dental checkup. Doctors often call gyn checkups "well woman visits" because they're designed to keep you healthy by catching small issues before they turn into big ones.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is a treatment to relieve symptoms of the menopause. It replaces hormones that are at a lower level as you approach the menopause.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine
A vaccine that helps protect the body against infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV infection can cause abnormal tissue growth, such as warts, and other changes to cells.
Hymenotomy
A hymenectomy (sometimes referred to as hymenotomy) is a surgical procedure where an opening is created in the hymen. It is often used when a person has a hymen that is abnormally thick, septate, or otherwise obstructing the flow of menstruation (imperforate hymen).
Hysterectomy
A hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the womb (uterus). You'll no longer be able to get pregnant after the operation. If you have not already gone through the menopause, you'll no longer have periods, regardless of your age. Many women have a hysterectomy. It's more common for women aged 40 to 50.
Hysterosonography
What is a Hysterosonogram? Hysterosonography, also called Sonohysterography or Saline Infusion Sonography, is a minimally invasive Ultrasound exam that provides images of the inside of the uterus to help diagnose the cause of abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Intrauterine Device (IUD) Placement
IUDs are shaped like a T, with one arm on either side. The doctor will fold down the arms and place the device into an applicator tube, then insert the tube through your cervix into your uterus. Once the IUD is in place, the arms will release and the doctor will remove the applicator tube.
Menopause Checkup
This is a home-use test kit to measure Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in your urine. This may help indicate if you are in menopause or perimenopause.
Microdochectomy
A Microdochectomy is a surgical procedure in which a single duct is removed from the nipple areolar complex. It is usually undertaken when a patient has nipple discharge from a single duct. The patient will be asked not squeeze the nipple before attending the operating theatre.
Nuchal Translucency Scan (NT scan)
An NT scan is a common screening test that occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy. This test measures the size of the clear tissue, called the nuchal translucency, at the back of your baby's neck. It's not unusual for a fetus to have fluid or clear space at the back of their neck.
Ovarian Cyst Removal
Laparoscopy. Using a laparoscope — a slim, lighted instrument inserted into your abdomen through a small incision — your doctor can see your ovaries and remove the ovarian cyst. This is a surgical procedure that requires anesthesia.
Ovarian Tumor Removal
The first goal of ovarian cancer surgery is to stage the cancer − to see how far the cancer has spread from the ovary. Usually this means removing the uterus (this operation is called a hysterectomy), along with both ovaries and fallopian tubes (this is called a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy or BSO).
Pelvic Adhesiolysis
Hysteroscopic adhesiolysis is a surgery that removes adhesions from inside the uterus. Adhesions can cause pain and complications with pregnancy. Having adhesions in the uterus is also called Asherman syndrome.
Pelvic Exam
Pelvic exam. A doctor or nurse inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. This is done to feel the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The vagina, cervix, fallopian tubes, and rectum are also checked. Enlarge.
Pelvic Floor Electrical Stimulator
During pelvic floor electrical stimulation, a low-grade electrical current (similar to “TENS” units used in physical therapy) stimulates the muscles to contract creating a muscular response similar to Kegels (an exercise for your pelvic floor muscles).
Pelvic Floor Repair
A pelvic floor repair is the most common surgery for prolapse. It is a broad term used to describe simple surgical repairs of the pelvic floor. More specifically, the term anterior repair refers to correction of the front wall of the vagina; and posterior repair refers to correction of the back wall of the vagina.
Prenatal Counseling
Preconception counseling is an appointment with your healthcare provider that's used to plan for a future pregnancy. Your family history, risk factors, medical conditions and lifestyle are all discussed. This appointment is an important part of a planned and healthy pregnancy.
Prenatal Testing
Prenatal screening tests can identify whether your baby is more or less likely to have certain birth defects, many of which are genetic disorders. These tests include blood tests, a specific type of ultrasound and prenatal cell-free DNA screening.
Presacral Neurectomy
Presacral Neurectomy is the surgical removal of the presacral plexus, the group of nerves that conducts the pain signal from the uterus to the brain.
Screening for Down Syndrome (Triple Test)
The triple screen measures serum hCG, AFP and unconjugated estriol to calculate the risk of Down syndrome and can detect up to 69% of Down syndrome pregnancies. Currently, the quadruple test, usually performed at 15-18 weeks' gestation, is the most common screening test performed in the second trimester.
Tubal Ligation Reversal
A tubal ligation reversal is a procedure to reverse a tubal ligation — when the fallopian tubes are cut or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy. During a tubal ligation reversal, your doctor removes the obstructed area of the fallopian tubes and reattaches the fallopian tubes to allow pregnancy.
Urodynamic Evaluation
Urodynamic testing is any procedure that looks at how well parts of the lower urinary tract—the bladder, sphincters, and urethra—work to store and release urine. Most urodynamic tests focus on how well your bladder can hold and empty urine.
Uterine Artery Embolization (UAE)
Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a procedure to treat fibroids without surgery. Uterine fibroids are noncancerous (benign) tumors that develop in the uterus (womb). During the procedure, the blood supply to the fibroids is cut off. This typically causes the fibroids to shrink.
Uterine Prolapse Surgery
Hysterectomy and prolapse repair: Uterine prolapse may be treated by removing the uterus in a surgical procedure called a hysterectomy. This may be done through a cut (incision) made in the vagina (vaginal hysterectomy) or through the abdomen (abdominal hysterectomy).
Uterosacral Nerve Ablation
Laparoscopic uterine nerve ablation (LUNA) involves the destruction of a small segment of ligament that carries nerve fibres within the pelvis.
Vaginal Childbirth
A vaginal delivery is the birth of offspring in mammals (babies in humans) through the vagina (also called the "birth canal"). It is the most common method of childbirth worldwide.
Vaginal Vault Prolapse Surgery
Vaginal vault prolapse is descent of the vaginal apex (after hysterectomy) into the lower vagina, to the hymenal ring, or through the vaginal introitus.
Vaginismus Treatment
Vaginismus is the body's automatic reaction to the fear of some or all types of vaginal penetration. Whenever penetration is attempted, your vaginal muscles tighten up on their own. You have no control over it. Occasionally, you can get vaginismus even if you have previously enjoyed painless penetrative sex.
Vaginoplasty
Vaginoplasty is a procedure to construct or repair a vagina. It treats various medical issues, including vaginal injury due to childbirth and pelvic floor disease complications. It's also for creating a transgender vagina, which helps individuals achieve their preferred gender identity.
Amniocentesis
Amniocentesis is a procedure in which amniotic fluid is removed from the uterus for testing or treatment. Amniotic fluid is the fluid that surrounds and protects a baby during pregnancy. This fluid contains fetal cells and various proteins.
Antenatal Care (ANC)
Antenatal care is the care you get from a doctor or nurse before you have your baby. It can also be called maternity care or care for pregnant women. You will be given appointments with a midwife or, sometimes, a doctor who specializes in pregnancy and childbirth.
Cardiology 54 Services
Blalock–Taussig Shunt (BT Shunt)
The Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt is a surgical procedure used to increase blood flow to the lungs in some forms of congenital heart disease. These conditions, in which a child is born with an abnormal heart include pulmonary atresia and Tetralogy of Fallot and are common causes of blue baby syndrome.
Cardiac Assessment
A focused assessment of the cardiac system includes a review for common or concerning symptoms: Chest pain—assess location, when it occurs, intensity, type, duration, with or without exertion, radiation, associated symptoms (shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, palpitations, anxiety), and alleviating factors.
Coronary Angiography and Left Ventriculography
Coronary angiography, also known as cardiac catheterisation, is a procedure performed to visualise the coronary arteries which are blood vessels that supply blood to the heart. It is the gold standard to diagnose coronary artery disease.
Coronary Angioplasty
A coronary angioplasty is a procedure used to widen blocked or narrowed coronary arteries (the main blood vessels supplying the heart). The term "angioplasty" means using a balloon to stretch open a narrowed or blocked artery.
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgery
A coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a surgical procedure used to treat coronary heart disease. It diverts blood around narrowed or clogged parts of the major arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Treatment
Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes impaired blood flow in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Also called coronary heart disease (CHD), CAD is the most common form of heart disease and affects approximately 16.5 millionTrusted Source Americans over the age of 20
Coronary Steal Treatment
Coronary artery disease (CAD) causes impaired blood flow in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Also called coronary heart disease (CHD), CAD is the most common form of heart disease and affects approximately 16.5 millionTrusted Source Americans over the age of 20
Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Doctors perform cryoablation to restore normal heart rhythm by disabling heart cells that create an irregular heartbeat. During this minimally invasive procedure, a thin flexible tube called a balloon catheter is used to locate and freeze the heart tissue that triggers an irregular heartbeat.
Dobutamine Stress Echocardiogram
A dobutamine stress echocardiogram (DSE) may be used if you are unable to exercise. Dobutamine is put in a vein and causes the heart to beat faster. It mimics the effects of exercise on the heart. During an echo, a transducer (like a microphone) sends out ultrasonic sound waves at a frequency too high to be heard.
Dressler's Syndrome Treatment
The main treatment for Dressler syndrome is medication to reduce inflammation. Your doctor may recommend nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as: Aspirin. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others)
Electrophysiology Study (EPS)
An electrophysiology (EP) study — also called invasive cardiac electrophysiology — is a series of tests that examine the heart's electrical activity. The heart's electrical system produces signals (impulses) that control the timing of the heartbeats.
Endocarditis Treatment
Endocarditis is treated with a course of antibiotics given via a drip. You'll need to be admitted to hospital for this. Some people also need surgery to repair or replace a damaged heart valve or drain away any abscesses that develop. Endocarditis is a serious illness, especially if complications develop.
Fontan Procedure
During a Fontan surgery, congenital heart surgeons reroute the blood flow from the lower body to the lungs by connecting the inferior vena cava to the pulmonary artery. To accomplish this, surgeons will most often create a connecting channel, or tube, outside of the heart.
Glenn Shunt
Glenn shunt procedures involve the anastomosis of the superior vena cava to the right pulmonary artery to increase pulmonary blood flow in patients with cyanotic heart disease.
Heart Arrhythmia - Catheter Ablation
Catheter ablation is a way to treat irregular heartbeats, or arrhythmias, like atrial fibrillation (AFib), atrial flutter, or supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). It destroys the tissue that's causing your heartbeat to get off course. This creates scar tissue inside your heart.
Heart Biopsy
A myocardial biopsy, also called a heart biopsy, is an invasive procedure that involves using a bioptome (a small catheter with a grasping device on the end) to obtain a small piece of heart muscle tissue that is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
Heart Surgery
Open-heart surgery (also called traditional heart surgery) is when the surgeon cuts the chest open to reach the heart. Because it's difficult to operate on a beating heart, medicines are used to stop the heart. A heart-lung bypass machine keeps oxygen-rich blood pumping through the body during the surgery.
Heart Tumor Treatment
A single small noncancerous primary heart tumor can be surgically removed, usually resulting in a cure. If a large noncancerous primary tumor is significantly reducing blood flow through the heart, removal of the part of the tumor that does not grow into the heart wall may improve heart function.
High Output Heart Failure Treatment
High-output heart failure is a heart condition that occurs when the cardiac output is higher than normal due to increased peripheral demand. There is a circulatory overload which may lead to pulmonary edema secondary to an elevated diastolic pressure in the left ventricle.
Hypertension Treatment
Hypertension is another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Blood pressure is the force that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) Implantation
An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is a small battery-powered device placed in the chest to detect and stop irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). An ICD continuously monitors the heartbeat and delivers electric shocks, when needed, to restore a regular heart rhythm.
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Insertion
IABP therapy involves inserting the balloon-tipped catheter into a blood vessel and advancing it to the heart. Usually, this happens during a heart-related surgery. In an emergency, a medical team may insert it at your bedside.
Keshan Disease Treatment
Keshan disease is an endemic cardiomyopathy with high mortality rates. It is most prevalent in low income, rural regions of China and in areas with selenium-deficient soil. The condition can cause acute or congestive heart failure, a thinning heart wall, and cardiac arrhythmia, among other health issues.
Kounis Syndrome Treatment
Kounis syndrome is the concurrence of acute coronary syndromes with conditions associated with mast cell activation, such as allergies or hypersensitivity and anaphylactic or anaphylactoid insults that can involve other interrelated and interacting inflammatory cells behaving as a 'ball of thread'.
Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) Implantation
A left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is implanted in your chest. It helps pump blood from the lower left heart chamber (left ventricle) to the rest of your body. A control unit and battery pack are worn outside your body and are connected to the LVAD through a small opening (port) in your skin.
Myocardial Bridge Treatment
A myocardial bridge is a usually harmless condition in which one or more of the coronary arteries goes through the heart muscle instead of lying on its surface. Most bridges don't seem to cause symptoms. However, some people with myocardial bridges can experience angina, or chest pain.
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI)
Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non-invasive imaging test that shows how well blood flows through (perfuses) your heart muscle.
Myocarditis Treatment
A rare condition in which the heart muscle becomes thick and inflamed and may also become weak. Myocarditis is usually caused by a viral infection, but it may also be caused by bacterial, parasitic, or fungal infections; autoimmune disorders; or being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals or drugs.
Pacemaker Implantation
A pacemaker insertion is the implantation of a small electronic device that is usually placed in the chest (just below the collarbone) to help regulate slow electrical problems with the heart. A pacemaker may be recommended toensure that the heartbeat does not slow to a dangerously low rate.
Pancarditis Treatment
Pancarditis, also called perimyoendocarditis, is the inflammation of the entire heart: the pericardium, the myocardium and the endocardium. Reflux carditis refers to a possible outcome of esophageal reflux (also known as GERD), and involves inflammation of the esophagus/stomach mucosa.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) Closure
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a persistent opening between the two major blood vessels leading from the heart. The opening (ductus arteriosus) is a normal part of a baby's circulatory system in the womb that usually closes shortly after birth. If it remains open, it's called a patent ductus arteriosus.
Pediatric Cardiology
Paediatric cardiologists are doctors who diagnose and treat children with cardiac (heart) conditions. They work with patients antenatally (before birth), through childhood and into adulthood.
Pericardiocentesis
Pericardiocentesis is a procedure done to remove fluid that has built up in the sac around the heart (pericardium). It's done using a needle and small catheter to drain excess fluid.
Pericarditis Treatment
Pericarditis is swelling and irritation of the thin, saclike tissue surrounding the heart (pericardium). Pericarditis often causes sharp chest pain. The chest pain occurs when the irritated layers of the pericardium rub against each other. Pericarditis is usually mild and goes away without treatment.
Right Heart Catheterization
In a right-heart cath, your doctor guides a special catheter (a small, hollow tube) called a pulmonary artery (PA) catheter to the right side of your heart. He or she then passes the tube into your pulmonary artery. This is the main artery that carries blood to your lungs.
Shone's Syndrome Treatment
Shone's complex is a congenital (present at birth) heart disease. It affects how blood flows both into and out of the left side of the heart. The multiple sites of blockage in the blood flow through the left side of the heart differentiates Shone's syndrome from other isolated heart defects.
Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD) Treatment
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection — sometimes referred to as SCAD — is an emergency condition that occurs when a tear forms in a blood vessel in the heart. SCAD can slow or block blood flow to the heart, causing a heart attack, heart rhythm problems (arrythmias) or sudden death.
Stress Electrocardiography (ECG)
The exercise stress test -- also known as an exercise electrocardiogram, treadmill test, graded exercise test, or stress EKG -- is used most often. It lets your doctor know how your heart responds to being pushed. You'll walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike. It'll get more difficult as you go.
Subaortic Membrane Excision
Subaortic membrane resection is an open-heart surgery performed under general anesthesia with the use of a heart-lung bypass machine. The surgeon will open the chest and then the aorta near the aortic valve. The subaortic membrane is removed, which will restore the flow of blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Surgery for Coarctation of the Aorta
During surgery to correct a coarctation, the narrow portion is removed and the aorta is reconstructed or patched to allow blood to flow normally through the aorta. Even after surgery, children with a coarctation of the aorta often have high blood pressure that is treated with medicine.
Surgery for Ebstein's Anomaly
Several types of procedures can be used to surgically treat Ebstein anomaly and associated defects. Tricuspid valve repair. Surgeons reduce the size of the valve opening and allow the valve leaflets to come together to work properly. A band might be placed around the valve to keep it in place.
Treatment for Myocardial Rupture
Myocardial rupture is a laceration of the ventricles or atria of the heart, of the interatrial or interventricular septum, or of the papillary muscles. It is most commonly seen as a serious sequela of an acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). It can also be caused by trauma.
Tricuspid Valve (TV) Repair
Tricuspid valve repair is an open-heart procedure. Your surgeon may reshape the valve, or repair or separate fused valve leaflets. The operation can be done through a small incision on the side of the chest.
Ventricular Aneurysm Treatment
A ventricular aneurysm is a defect in the left (or right) ventricle of the heart, usually produced by transmural infarction.
24 Hour Blood Pressure Monitoring
A technique to measure blood pressure continuously is 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Even when you are asleep, your blood pressure is monitored. Your doctor can get a better idea of your blood pressure numbers from the information that is collected over time.
Angina Pectoris Treatment
The two main types of surgery used to fix an aneurysm are open surgery and endovascular repair. When you have open surgery, the doctor makes a big cut in your stomach or chest. The damaged part of the aorta is then replaced with a graft by the doctor. In endovascular repair, the cut is much smaller than in open surgery.
Aortic Valve Repair
Aortic valve replacement is a procedure in which an artificial heart valve is used to replace a patient's failing aortic valve. Most of the time, open-heart surgery and opening the chest bone are used to fix aortic valves.
Aortic Stenosis Treatment
To treat aortic valve stenosis, people often need to have their aortic valves replaced. During aortic valve replacement, your doctor takes out the damaged valve and puts in a new one made of cow, pig, or human heart tissue.
Aortopulmonary Window Repair
Surgery is done with the help of cardiopulmonary bypass. An incision can be made in the front of the aorta, in the main pulmonary artery, or in the aortopulmonary window itself. Usually, related lesions are fixed during the same surgery.
Atherosclerosis Treatment
Atherosclerosis is when fats, cholesterol, and other things build up in and on the walls of the arteries. Atherosclerosis can make arteries narrow, which can stop blood from flowing and cause a blood clot.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Closure
ASD closure is a method to close a hole in your heart called an atrial septal defect (ASD). ASD is a hole in the wall (septum) between the two upper chambers of your heart that isn't supposed to be there. Usually, the hole closes up a few weeks after the baby is born.
Atrioventricular Septal Defect (AVSD) Treatment
Most of the time, children with AVSD need open-heart surgery. For the repair, one or two patches are put on the common valve to separate the right and left sides. This is done after the heart/lung bypass to help keep the blood flowing during the repair.
Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty
In balloon valvuloplasty, a catheter is inserted into the heart and guided to a valve that is too narrow. Once there, a balloon is inflated within the catheter, which results in a larger opening provided by the valve.
Balloon Pulmonary Valvuloplasty
With balloon valvuloplasty, the pulmonary valve is fixed. A long, thin tube called a catheter is used in the process. At the end of this tube is a balloon that you can blow up. The doctor threads this catheter all the way to the pulmonary valve through a blood vessel in the groin.
Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) 27 Services
Bone-Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
The system consists of three components: the titanium fixture, the abutment and the external sound processor. Baha is a technology that combines a sound processor with a small titanium fixture implanted behind the ear. This unique system allows the bone to transfer sound to a functioning cochlea (See How the Ear Works) rather than via the middle ear – a process known as direct bone conduction.
Cochlear Implant
A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that electrically stimulates the cochlear nerve (nerve for hearing). The implant has external and internal parts. The external part sits behind the ear. It picks up sounds with a microphone. It then processes the sound and transmits it to the internal part of the implant.
Dacryocystorhinostomy
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Decortication of Vocal Cords
In Reinke's edema, the vocal cords swell past their normal size and/or develop polyps, which affects the patient's voice quality. Decortication of the vocal cords involves removing layers of the vocal cords to improve the condition and restore the original voice as much as possible.
Ear Cleaning
Ear cleaning (by a doctor): When ear wax accumulates enough, it may block the ear canal (and hearing). A health care professional may have to wash it out, vacuum it, or remove it with special instruments. Alternatively, your physician may prescribe ear drops that are designed to soften the wax.
Ear, Nose and Throat Consultation
A general ENT consultation is an appointment with an otolaryngologist for conditions affecting the ears, nose and throat. Although the three organs appear distinct from one another, all of them are part of the upper respiratory system. They also have similarities, including the mucous lining.
Glossectomy
A glossectomy is the surgery done to remove part of or all of the tongue. It can be used to treat cancers of the tongue, some oral cavity (inside the mouth) and throat cancers. The tongue's jobs include tasting, swallowing, breathing, licking and speaking.
Hearing Aids
Hearing aids work by amplifying sound through a three-part system: The microphone receives sound and converts it into a digital signal. The amplifier increases the strength of the digital signal. The speaker produces the amplified sound into the ear.
Hearing Assessment
An audiological assessment is a painless, noninvasive hearing test that measures a person's ability to hear different sounds, pitches or frequencies.
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscopy is a procedure a doctor uses to look at the larynx (voice box), including the vocal cords, as well as nearby structures like the back of the throat.
Mastoidectomy
A mastoidectomy is surgery to remove cells in the hollow, air-filled spaces in the skull behind the ear within the mastoid bone. These cells are called mastoid air cells.
Middle Ear Analysis
A tympanometry measurement makes it possible to evaluate the middle ear mobility (compliance) in response to changes in air pressure and gives information about the air pressure status in the middle ear. The results of a tympanometry test are recorded on a graph called a tympanogram.
Myringoplasty
A myringoplasty is a surgery performed by an otolaryngologist to repair a hole in the eardrum. In this surgery, the hole is repaired by placing a graft made of either a small piece of tissue from elsewhere on the body, or a gel-like material.
Myringotomy
A myringotomy is a procedure to create a hole in the ear drum to allow fluid that is trapped in the middle ear to drain out. The fluid may be blood, pus and/or water. In many cases, a small tube is inserted into the hole in the ear drum to help maintain drainage.
Nasal Endoscopy
Nasal endoscopy is a procedure to look at the nasal and sinus passages. It's done with an endoscope. This is a thin, flexible tube with a tiny camera and a light. An ear, nose, and throat doctor (otolaryngologist) will often do this procedure in his or her office.
Pediatric Tongue-Tie Surgery
A simple surgery called a frenotomy is an effective treatment for many children. A healthcare provider can often do this procedure in the office. The provider makes a cut in the frenulum. This lets the tongue move normally.
Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA) Treatment
A peritonsillar abscess, also known as a PTA, is collection of pus that is formed behind the tonsils. Unlike tonsillitis, which is more common in children, a peritonsillar abscess occurs just as frequently in adults as it does in children.
Radiofrequency Tissue Reduction of Turbinates
Radiofrequency turbinate reduction is a procedure in which a needle-like instrument is inserted into the turbinate and energy is transmitted to the tissue to cause a controlled damage, so by the time healing process occurs, the turbinates will be reduced, allowing improved airflow through the nose.
Salivary Gland Tumor Removal
Surgery for tumors in a sublingual gland involves removal (excision) of the entire gland. The sublingual glands are underneath your tongue on either side of the floor of your mouth. Your surgeon will make a cut (an incision) inside your mouth to remove the gland along with some of the surrounding tissue.
Salivary Stones Treatment
Salivary stones, also called sialolithiasis, are hardened mineral deposits that form in the salivary glands. The condition is more likely to affect people age 30 to 60 and men are more likely to get salivary stones than women.
Septoplasty
Septoplasty (SEP-toe-plas-tee) is a surgical procedure to straighten the bone and cartilage dividing the space between your two nostrils (septum). When the septum is crooked, it's known as a deviated septum.
Sleep Apnea Surgery
Sleep surgery is a surgery performed to treat sleep disordered breathing. Sleep disordered breathing is a spectrum of disorders that includes snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea.
Stapedectomy
A stapedectomy is surgery to treat hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. This condition affects your hearing by damaging your stape, a tiny U-shaped bone in your middle ear. Your stape helps you hear by sending sound waves from your middle ear to your inner ear.
Submandibular Gland Surgery
Submandibular gland removal is surgery to take out a saliva gland below the lower jaw. The gland may have been removed because of infection, a tumour, or a blocked saliva duct. A saliva duct is a tube that carries saliva from the gland into the mouth.
Thyroidectomy
Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of your neck. It produces hormones that control every aspect of your metabolism, from your heart rate to how quickly you burn calories.
Tonsillectomy
Tonsillectomy is the surgical removal of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. A tonsillectomy was once a common procedure to treat infection and inflammation of the tonsils (tonsillitis).
Adenoidectomy
Adenoidectomy, often known as adenoid removal, is the medical term for the surgical removal of the adenoid glands. A denoids are an important part of the immune system, there are instances when they may become inflamed, swollen, and enlarged due to a persistent infection. This might be the result of an infection, an allergic reaction, or another factor.
Nephrology 4 Services
Hydronephrosis Treatment
Hydronephrosis is a condition where one or both kidneys become stretched and swollen as the result of a build-up of urine inside them. It can affect people of any age and is sometimes spotted in unborn babies during routine pregnancy ultrasound scans. This is known as antenatal hydronephrosis.
Kidney Dialysis
Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys stop working properly. It often involves diverting blood to a machine to be cleaned.
Kidney Transplant (Living Related Donor)
A living-donor kidney transplant is when a kidney from a living donor is removed and placed into a recipient whose kidneys no longer function properly. Only one donated kidney is needed to replace two failed kidneys, which makes living-donor kidney transplant an alternative to deceased-donor kidney transplant.Jan
Nephrology Consultation
Nephrology (from Greek nephros "kidney", combined with the suffix -logy, "the study of") is a specialty of adult internal medicine and pediatric medicine that concerns the study of the kidneys, specifically normal kidney function (renal physiology) and kidney disease (renal pathophysiology), the preservation of kidney ...
Neonatology 3 Services
Intersex Consultation
Intersex is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male. For example, a person might be born appearing to be female on the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the inside.
Neonatology Consultation
Neonatology is a subspecialty of pediatrics that consists of the medical care of newborn infants, especially the ill or premature newborn. It is a hospital-based specialty, and is usually practised in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).
Tracheoplasty
A slide tracheoplasty is a surgery done to make the airway larger. An incision is made on the chest to open up the airway and the heart. Cardiopulmonary bypass may be used to allow oxygen and blood flow to continue during the procedure.
Neurology 16 Services
Cauda Equina Syndrome Treatment
Cauda equina syndrome is best treated with decompression by a lumbar laminectomy, but a lumbar microdiscectomy may be used given a patient's unique situation. The patient will likely be kept in the hospital for a few days following the surgery to monitor recovery of motor and sensory function.
Dementia Management
Dementia is a general term for loss of memory, language, problem-solving and other thinking abilities that are severe enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia.
Epilepsy Consultation
Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of awareness. Anyone can develop epilepsy.
Epilepsy Treatment
Epilepsy is a common condition that affects the brain and causes frequent seizures. Seizures are bursts of electrical activity in the brain that temporarily affect how it works. They can cause a wide range of symptoms. Epilepsy can start at any age, but usually starts either in childhood or in people over 60.
Huntington's Disease Consultation
Huntington's disease is a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington's disease has a broad impact on a person's functional abilities and usually results in movement, thinking (cognitive) and psychiatric disorders.
Migraine Treatment
A migraine is a headache that can cause severe throbbing pain or a pulsing sensation, usually on one side of the head. It's often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and extreme sensitivity to light and sound.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Management
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system). In MS , the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body.
Neurological Rehabilitation
Neurological rehabilitation (rehab) is a doctor-supervised program designed for people with diseases, injury, or disorders of the nervous system. Neurological rehab can often improve function, reduce symptoms, and improve the well-being of the patient.
Neurology Consultation
Neurology is the branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex, sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates body activities. It has two major divisions: Central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord.
Pain Management
Pain Management is a medical approach that draws on disciplines in science and alternative healing to study the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of pain.
Parkinson's Disease Treatment
Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects movement. Symptoms start gradually, sometimes starting with a barely noticeable tremor in just one hand. Tremors are common, but the disorder also commonly causes stiffness or slowing of movement.
Stroke Consultation
A stroke is a serious life-threatening medical condition that happens when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Strokes are a medical emergency and urgent treatment is essential. The sooner a person receives treatment for a stroke, the less damage is likely to happen.
Torticollis Treatment
Torticollis is a problem involving the muscles of the neck that causes the head to tilt down. The term comes from two Latin words: tortus, which means twisted, and collum, which means neck. Sometimes it's called “wryneck.” If your baby has the condition at birth, it's called congenital muscular torticollis.
Alzheimer's Disease Consultation
Your primary doctor, a doctor who specializes in brain problems (neurologist), or a doctor who knows how to treat older people (geriatrician) will look at your medical history, medications, and symptoms to figure out if you have Alzheimer's dementia. Your doctor will also do a number of tests on you.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Consultation
A neurologist will usually do tests to rule out many of the other things that could cause a patient's symptoms. How long it takes to make a diagnosis depends on the type of symptoms, how quickly or slowly they get worse or change, and what other diseases have to be ruled out.
Bell's Palsy Treatment
Bell's palsy is a disease that makes the muscles on one side of the face suddenly weak. Most of the time, the weakness is temporary and gets much better over a few weeks.
Nuclear Medicine 2 Services
Nuclear Medicine Consultation
Nuclear medicine is a specialized area of radiology that uses very small amounts of radioactive materials, or radiopharmaceuticals, to examine organ function and structure. Nuclear medicine imaging is a combination of many different disciplines.
Scintigraphy
A procedure that produces pictures (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where there are cancer cells. Scintigraphy is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease. A small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein or swallowed.
Ophthalmology 34 Services
Capsulotomy
Capsulotomy is a type of eye surgery in which an incision is made into the capsule of the crystalline lens of the eye. In modern cataract operations, the lens capsule is usually not removed.
Corneal Abrasion Repair
A corneal abrasion is a scratch, scrape on the surface of your cornea. Fingernails, makeup brushes and tree branches are common culprits of corneal abrasions. Some other causes of corneal abrasion are rubbing your eye and having very dry eyes.
Corneal Cross-linking (CXL)
Corneal cross-linking with riboflavin and UV-A light is a surgical treatment for corneal ectasia such as keratoconus, PMD, and post-LASIK ectasia. It is used in an attempt to make the cornea stronger. According to a 2015 Cochrane review, there is insufficient evidence to determine if it is useful in keratoconus.
Corneal Pachymetry
Corneal pachymetry is the process of measuring the thickness of the cornea. A pachymeter is a medical device used to measure the thickness of the eye's cornea.
Dacryoadenectomy
Dacryocystectomy is a well-established oculo plastics procedure that refers to a complete surgical extirpation of the lacrimal sac. It was first described by Woolhouse in 1724 and was the standard of care before the advent of dacryocystorhinostomy for management of dacryocystitis and lacrimal fistulas.
Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment
For diabetic retinopathy that is threatening or affecting your sight, the main treatments are: laser treatment – to treat the growth of new blood vessels at the back of the eye (retina) in cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and to stabilise some cases of maculopathy.
Entropion/Ectropion Eyelid Repair
An entropion or ectropion repair is an operation to correct an eyelid that turns in or turns out. The operation should improve symptoms caused by entropion or ectropion.
Exophthalmos Treatment
Exophthalmos, also known as proptosis, is the medical term for bulging or protruding eyeballs. It can affect 1 or both eyes and is most often caused by thyroid eye disease.
Eye Cancer Treatment
If the cancer starts inside the eyeball it's called intraocular cancer. The most common intraocular cancers in adults are melanoma and lymphoma. The most common eye cancer in children is retinoblastoma, which starts in the cells of the retina. Cancer can also spread to the eye from other parts of the body
Eye Examination
An eye examination is a series of tests performed to assess vision and ability to focus on and discern objects. It also includes other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes. Eye examinations are primarily performed by an optometrist, ophthalmologist, or an orthoptist.
Eye Implant
The bionic vision system consists of a camera, attached to a pair of glasses, which transmits high-frequency radio signals to a microchip implanted in the retina. Electrodes on the implanted chip convert these signals into electrical impulses to stimulate cells in the retina that connect to the optic nerve.
Glaucoma Treatment
Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in your eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of blindness for people over the age of 60.
Implantable Contact Lens (ICL)
Implantable contact lenses (ICL) are soft, flexible implants which are similar to traditional contact lenses. They are implanted within the eye between the natural lens and the iris. It's a bit like having permanent contact lenses that you never have to take out, clean or think about.
Intracorneal Ring Segment (ICRS) Implantation
Intracorneal ring segment (ICRS) implantation represents a modern, minimally invasive, surgical option for visual improvement in patients with keratoconus. ICRS modify the corneal geometry in a manner that enhances its refractive properties and thereby, they improve visual acuity.
Intraocular Lens (IOL) Implant
An intraocular lens implant is an artificial replacement for the lens of your eye. It's part of the surgery to fix cataracts.
Intravitreal Injection
An intravitreal injection is a shot of medicine into the eye. The inside of the eye is filled with a jelly-like fluid (vitreous). During this procedure, your health care provider injects medicine into the vitreous, near the retina at the back of the eye.
Iridodialysis Treatment
Iridodialysis is the disinsertion of the iris from the scleral spur. It is in contrast from cyclodialysis, which is disinsertion of the ciliary body from the scleral spur. This patient suffers from monocular diplopia and glare.
Iris Repair Surgery
Iris surgeries come in the form of iris repair (iridoplasty) or an iris prosthesis. Iris repair often involves the use of sutures inside the eye to reshape the iris to its original shape, re-creating a round pupil. Sometimes the surgeon may cut some of the existing iris to help improve the appearance.
Keratoprosthesi
Keratoprosthesis is a surgical procedure where a diseased cornea is replaced with an artificial cornea. Traditionally, keratoprosthesis is recommended after a person has had a failure of one or more donor corneal transplants.
Laser Coagulation
Laser photocoagulation is eye surgery using a laser to shrink or destroy abnormal structures in the retina, or to intentionally cause scarring.
Optic Neuropathy Treatment
Optic neuropathy is a catch-all term that refers to damage inflicted on the optic nerve in your eye. This is the nerve in the back of the eyeball that transfers visual information from your eye to the brain, allowing you to see. This condition is one that gets worse over time, when not treated.
Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
A photorefractive keratectomy is performed to treat refractive errors in your eyes. By using a laser to change the shape of your cornea, this procedure improves the way rays of light are focused on your retina.
Pinguecula Treatment
Pinguecula is an abnormal growth of tissue on the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white of the eye. A pinguecula is a yellowish raised growth on the conjunctiva typically adjacent to the border where the colored part of the eye meets the white part of the eye.
Pterygium Surgery
Pterygium surgery is a procedure performed to remove noncancerous conjunctiva growths (pterygia) from the eye. The conjunctiva is the clear tissue covering the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. Some cases of a pterygium produce little to no symptoms.
Recurrent Corneal Erosion Treatment
Recurrent Corneal Erosion (RCE) syndrome is a common, recurrent condition caused by abnormal epithelial adhesion to the underlying basal lamina. The spontaneous breakdown of the corneal epithelium can lead to the sudden onset of ocular pain, blurred vision, tearing, and photophobia, typically upon awakening.
Retinitis Pigmentosa Treatment
Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of related eye disorders that cause progressive vision loss. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye . In people with retinitis pigmentosa, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.
Staphyloma Treatment
A staphyloma is an abnormal protrusion of the uveal tissue through a weak point in the eyeball. The protrusion is generally black in colour, due to the inner layers of the eye. It occurs due to weakening of outer layer of eye (cornea or sclera) by an inflammatory or degenerative condition.
Tear Duct Surgery
A dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a surgery that creates a new path for tears to drain between your eyes and your nose. You may need this surgery if your tear duct has become blocked.
Trabeculectomy
Trabeculectomy is a type of glaucoma surgery performed on the eye that creates a new pathway for fluid inside the eye to be drained. This is an outpatient procedure performed in the operating room. It is used to prevent worsening of vision loss due to glaucoma by lowering eye pressure.
Xanthelasma Removal
Xanthelasma is a well-circumscribed flat or slightly elevated yellowish growth that typically occurs on or around the eyelids. It is made up of cholesterol deposits that accumulate underneath the skin and is usually an obvious clinical diagnosis.
Amniotic Membrane Transplant
Amniotic membrane, or amnion, is the innermost layer of the placenta. It is made up of a thick basement membrane and an avascular stromal matrix. Different types of surgery have used amniotic membrane transplantation as a graft or a dressing.
Astigmatism Correction
Eyeglasses, contact lenses, and even refractive surgery are all viable options for astigmatism treatment. In certain cases, cataract surgery may be able to rectify the issue.
Band Keratopathy Treatment
Band Keratopathy is a type of corneal degeneration that is usually caused by calcium deposits in the sub-epithelium, Bowman's layer, and anterior stroma that look like fine dust. It usually looks like a cloudy band that goes from the edge of the cornea to the middle.
Benign Essential Blepharospasm (BEB) Treatment
Injections of botulinum toxin, which may relax the muscles and put an end to spasms, are the recommended course of therapy for the majority of instances with BEB. Other treatment options include drugs or surgery, either local surgery of the eye muscles or deep brain stimulation surgery. Both of these procedures are considered invasive procedures.
Oncology 54 Services
Benign Soft Tissue Tumor Treatment
The vast majority of benign soft tissue tumors can be treated with a single clean surgical procedure and minimal risk to surrounding normal blood vessels, nerves, muscle or bone. This provides the patient with the greatest possible functional recovery and the least chance of local recurrence of the tumor.
Bile Duct Cancer Treatment
Treatment of resectable distal bile duct cancer may include: Surgery to remove the cancer, which may include a Whipple procedure. Stent placement or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage as palliative therapy, to relieve jaundice and other symptoms and improve the quality of life
Bladder Cancer Treatment
Bladder cancer treatment may include: Surgery, to remove the cancer cells. Chemotherapy in the bladder (intravesical chemotherapy), to treat cancers that are confined to the lining of the bladder but have a high risk of recurrence or progression to a higher stage.
Brainstem Glioma Treatment
Brain stem glioma is a type of central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord) tumor. This type of tumor begins when healthy cells in the brain stem change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor can be cancerous or benign.
Breast Cancer Treatment
Surgery is usually the first type of treatment for breast cancer. The type of surgery you have will depend on the type of breast cancer you have. Surgery is usually followed by chemotherapy or radiotherapy or, in some cases, hormone or targeted therapies.
Cancer Marker Blood Test
Tumor marker tests use a sample of blood to look for chemicals made by cancer cells. These tests don't always help with diagnosing cancer because many healthy cells also make these chemicals. And some conditions that aren't cancer can cause high levels of tumor markers
Cancer Screening
Cancer screening is looking for cancer before a person has any symptoms. Screening tests can help find cancer at an early stage, before symptoms appear. When abnormal tissue or cancer is found early, it may be easier to treat or cure.
Castleman Disease Treatment
Unicentric Castleman disease can be cured by surgically removing the diseased lymph node. If the lymph node is in your chest or abdomen — which is often the case — major surgery may be required. If surgical removal isn't possible, medication may be used to shrink the lymph node.
Chondrosarcoma Treatment
Chondrosarcomas is a group of rare bone cancer tumors that begin in your cartilage. Cartilage is soft connective tissue that allows movement between your bones and joints. The most common treatment is surgery to remove cancerous tissue and bone.
Choroid Plexus Tumor Treatment
The first treatment for choroid plexus tumors is surgery, if possible. The goal of surgery is to obtain tissue to determine the tumor type and to remove as much tumor as possible without causing more symptoms for the person. Treatments after surgery may include radiation, chemotherapy, or clinical trials.
Chronic Leukemia Treatment
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is a type of cancer that affects the white blood cells and tends to progress slowly over many years. It mostly affects people over the age of 60 and is rare in people under 40. Children are almost never affected.
Colon/Bowel Cancer Treatment
Treatment for colon cancer usually involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy, might also be recommended.
Craniopharyngioma Treatment
A rare, benign (not cancer) brain tumor that usually forms near the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. Craniopharyngiomas are slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the brain or to other parts of the body.
CyberKnife Treatment
CyberKnife, also known as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), is a non-surgical solution which destroys tumors by aiming beams of radiation at them from multiple directions while sparing healthy tissues.
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor Treatment
The most common DNET treatment is to remove the tumor surgically. Because it is a benign tumor, and prognosis is good even if not the entire tumor is not removed, radiation and chemotherapy are not used.
Endometrial Cancer Treatment
Treatment for endometrial cancer is usually with surgery to remove the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Another option is radiation therapy with powerful energy. Drug treatments for endometrial cancer include chemotherapy with powerful drugs and hormone therapy to block hormones that cancer cells rely on.
Ependymoblastoma Treatment
Ependymoblastoma is a highly malignant brain cancer of childhood and is usually seen in the very young child or infant. It is rare among brain cancers in general, but these brain cancers are the second most common malignancy in the childhood age group, second only to leukemia.
Gallbladder Cancer Treatment
Gallbladder cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the gallbladder. Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells are found in the tissues of the gallbladder. The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ that lies just under the liver in the upper abdomen.
Ganglioglioma Treatment
Ganglioglioma is a very rare type of glioma brain tumour that contains a mixture of neuronal and glial cells, and hence is part of a group of tumours classified as mixed neuronal-glial tumours. Neuronal cells are those that form the neurons in the brain, which primarily carry information.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD) Treatment
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is a group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception. In gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), a tumor develops inside the uterus from tissue that forms after conception (the joining of sperm and egg).
Head and Neck Cancer Treatment
Head and neck cancer develops from tissues in the lip and oral cavity (mouth), larynx (throat), salivary glands, nose, sinuses or the skin of the face. The most common types of head and neck cancers occur in the lip, mouth, and larynx. Symptoms predominantly include a sore that does not heal or a change in the voice.
Hyperthermia Therapy
Hyperthermia is an abnormally high body temperature. Also called heat illnesses, there are several forms of hyperthermia. Heat cramps are fairly mild, whereas heat exhaustion is more severe. Heatstroke is the most serious form of hyperthermia and can be life-threatening.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer. The immune system helps your body fight infections and other diseases. It is made up of white blood cells and organs and tissues of the lymph system. Immunotherapy is a type of biological therapy.
Intraoperative Radiation Therapy (IORT)
Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT) is an intensive radiation treatment that's administered during surgery. IORT allows direct radiation to the target area while sparing normal surrounding tissue.
Kaposi's Sarcoma Treatment
Surgery, including local excision or electrodesiccation and curettage. Cryosurgery. Radiation therapy. Chemotherapy using one or more anticancer drugs.
Kidney Cancer Treatment
Kidney cancer is cancer that begins in the kidneys. Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs, each about the size of your fist. They're located behind your abdominal organs, with one kidney on each side of your spine. In adults, renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer.
Liver Cancer Treatment
Liver cancer (also known as hepatic cancer, primary hepatic cancer, or primary hepatic malignancy) is cancer that starts in the liver. Liver cancer can be primary (starts in liver) or secondary (meaning cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver, known as liver metastasis).
Male Breast Cancer Treatment
Male breast cancer is a rare cancer that forms in the breast tissue of men. Though breast cancer is most commonly thought of as a disease that affects women, breast cancer does occur in men. Male breast cancer is most common in older men, though it can occur at any age.
Malignant Mesothelioma Treatment
Malignant mesothelioma is a cancer of the thin tissue (mesothelium) that lines the lung, chest wall, and abdomen. The major risk factor for mesothelioma is asbestos exposure. Explore the links on this page to learn more about malignant mesothelioma treatment and clinical trials.
Medulloepithelioma Treatment
Medulloepithelioma is a rare, primitive, fast-growing brain tumour thought to stem from cells of the embryonic medullary cavity. Tumours originating in the ciliary body of the eye are referred to as embryonal medulloepitheliomas, or diktyomas.
Meningioma Treatment
A meningioma is a tumor that arises from the meninges — the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Although not technically a brain tumor, it is included in this category because it may compress or squeeze the adjacent brain, nerves and vessels.
Microcystic Adnexal Carcinoma (MAC) Treatment
MICROCYSTIC adnexal carcinoma (MAC), or sclerosing sweat duct carcinoma, is an uncommon cutaneous malignant neoplasm that is associated with significant morbidity in light of its propensity for local invasion. As implied by its names, MAC exhibits small keratinizing cysts and well-defined ducts.
Mohs Skin Cancer Surgery
Mohs surgery is a precise surgical technique used to treat skin cancer. During Mohs surgery, thin layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and examined until only cancer-free tissue remains. Mohs surgery is also known as Mohs micrographic surgery.
Multiple Myeloma Treatment
Multiple myeloma, also known as myeloma, is a type of bone marrow cancer. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue at the centre of some bones that produces the body's blood cells. It's called multiple myeloma as the cancer often affects several areas of the body, such as the spine, skull, pelvis and ribs.
Oncology Consultation
Oncology is the study of cancer. An oncologist is a doctor who treats cancer and provides medical care for a person diagnosed with cancer. An oncologist may also be called a cancer specialist. The field of oncology has 3 major areas based on treatments: medical oncology, radiation oncology, and surgical oncology.
Osteoblastoma Treatment
Osteoblastoma is a slow-growing tumor that dissolves normal, healthy bone and makes a new type of abnormal bone material called osteoid. This osteoid bone material builds up around normal bone. Because the osteoid bone is weaker than normal bone, the area surrounding the tumor becomes more vulnerable to fracture.
Primary Bone Cancer Treatment
Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
Prostate Cancer Treatment
Prostate cancer is cancer that occurs in the prostate. The prostate is a small walnut-shaped gland in males that produces the seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer.
Proton Therapy
Proton therapy, also known as proton beam therapy, is a form of radiation treatment used to destroy tumor cells. Instead of using x-rays like regular radiation treatment, it uses protons to sends beams of high energy that can target tumors more precisely than X-ray radiation.
Radiosurgery Cancer Treatment
A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely give a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated by regular surgery.
Radiotherapy Consultation
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones.
Radiotherapy
Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. At low doses, radiation is used in x-rays to see inside your body, as with x-rays of your teeth or broken bones.
Retinoblastoma Treatment
Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that begins in the retina — the sensitive lining on the inside of your eye. Retinoblastoma most commonly affects young children, but can rarely occur in adults. Your retina is made up of nerve tissue that senses light as it comes through the front of your eye.
Stomach Cancer Treatment
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years. Stomach cancer is most often seen in people in their late 60s through 80s.
Testicular Cancer Treatment
Testicular cancer is a disease that occurs when cancerous (malignant) cells develop in the tissues of a testicle. The development of cancerous cells in both testicles can occur, but is very rare. Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men aged 20 to 35. The disease usually is curable.
Uterine Sarcoma Treatment
Uterine sarcoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the muscles of the uterus or other tissues that support the uterus. Past treatment with radiation therapy to the pelvis can increase the risk of uterine sarcoma. Signs of uterine sarcoma include abnormal bleeding.
Vulvar Cancer Treatment
Vulvar cancer is a type of cancer that occurs on the outer surface area of the female genitalia. The vulva is the area of skin that surrounds the urethra and vagina, including the clitoris and labia. Vulvar cancer commonly forms as a lump or sore on the vulva that often causes itching.
Whipple Procedure
A Whipple procedure — also known as a pancreaticoduodenectomy — is a complex operation to remove the head of the pancreas, the first part of the small intestine (duodenum), the gallbladder and the bile duct. The Whipple procedure is used to treat tumors and other disorders of the pancreas, intestine and bile duct.
Wilms' Tumor Treatment
Wilms tumor is a type of childhood cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children. About 9 of 10 kidney cancers in children are Wilms tumors.
Adrenal Cancer Treatment
The removal of all of the cancerous tissue during surgery is the typical therapy for adrenal cancer. If surgery is not an option or if the cancer is unable to be removed surgically, there are other therapies that may be used.
Acute Leukemia Treatment
The malignancy of the white blood cells is known as leukemia. Acute leukemia is characterized by rapid and severe disease progression, as well as the typical need for prompt therapy. The subtype of acute leukemia that a patient has is determined by the white blood cells that are impacted.
Anal Cancer Treatment
Chemoradiation, which is a mix of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, is the main way to treat anal cancer. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy on their own, or surgery, are also ways to treat cancer. The experts who are taking care of you will explain the treatments, as well as their benefits and risks.
Angiosarcoma Treatment
Chemotherapy is the main way to treat angiosarcoma that has spread to other parts of the body, even though many of the drugs used in treatment are toxic.
Astrocytoma Treatment
The size and size of the cancer, how it looks like under a microscope, and how far it has spread all affect the treatment. The standard treatment is surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, either before or after surgery and radiation therapy. If surgery can't be done, radiation and chemotherapy may be suggested as alternatives.
Orthopedics 74 Services
Bone Fracture Treatment
Treatment includes immobilising the bone with a plaster cast, or surgically inserting metal rods or plates to hold the bone pieces together. Some complicated fractures may need surgery and surgical traction.
Boutonniere Deformity Treatment
The most common treatment for boutonniere deformity involves stabilizing your finger with a splint that rests on the middle joint. The splint creates pressure to straighten and immobilize the finger.
Bow Legs Treatment
The bowed legs can be corrected gradually using an adjustable frame. The surgeon cuts the bone and connects an adjustable external frame to it with wires and pins.
Bunion Surgery
For a severe bunion, surgery may involve removing the enlarged portion of the bone, cutting and realigning the bone, and correcting the position of the tendons and ligaments. Arthritic bunion or big toe joint. If the joint is damaged beyond repair, as is often seen in arthritis, it may need to be fused.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgery
During carpal tunnel release, a surgeon makes an incision in the palm of your hand over the carpal tunnel ligament and cuts through the ligament to relieve pressure on the median nerve. The surgery may be done by making one incision on the palm side of the wrist, or by making several small incisions.
Cervical Fracture Treatment
A minor (compression) fracture is often treated with a cervical collar or brace worn for six to eight weeks until the bone heals on its own. A more severe or complex fracture may require traction, or surgical repair or a spinal fusion.
Cervical Strain Treatment
Most patients feel relief using anti-inflammatory medications such as ibuprofen, or using ice, moist heat or a neck brace. Physical therapy, massage and stretching can also be effective. Generally, symptoms resolve in a few days to a few weeks.
Chondroma Treatment
Curettage describes a procedure in which a tumor is surgically scraped out of the bone, leaving a cavity that is then packed with either donor bone tissue (allograft), bone chips taken from another bone (autograft), or other materials depending on the preference of the surgeon.
Clubfoot Treatment
Treatment for club foot usually starts within 1 to 2 weeks of your baby being born. The main treatment, called the Ponseti method, involves gently manipulating and stretching your baby's foot into a better position. It's then put into a cast. This is repeated every week for about 5 to 8 weeks.
Coccydynia Treatment
Direct trauma to the tailbone is the most common cause of coccydynia, and usually leads to inflammation surrounding the coccyx, which contributes to pain and discomfort. There are many cases reported in which pain begins with no identifiable origin (called idiopathic coccydynia).
Compartment Syndrome Treatment
Acute compartment syndrome must be treated in hospital using a surgical procedure called an emergency fasciotomy. The doctor or surgeon makes an incision to cut open your skin and fascia surrounding the muscles to immediately relieve the pressure inside the muscle compartment.
Congenital Hip Dislocation Treatment
It may be concluded that in this age group congenital hip dislocation is best treated by non-surgical reduction, possibly followed by surgery of the femur and acetabulum. Surgical reduction was only indicated when conservative methods failed.
Core Decompression of the Hip
Hip core decompression is a surgical procedure used to treat osteonecrosis, or avascular necrosis (AVN) of the hip. It involves drilling one larger hole, or several smaller holes into the dead bone of the femoral head (top of thigh bone) in order to relieve pressure in the bone.
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is a condition that involves pressure or stretching of the ulnar nerve (also known as the “funny bone” nerve), which can cause numbness or tingling in the ring and small fingers, pain in the forearm, and/or weakness in the hand.
Dupuytren's Contracture Treatment
Dupuytren's contracture is when 1 or more fingers bend in towards your palm. There's no cure, but your fingers can be straightened if it's severe.
Elbow Pain Treatment
By Mayo Clinic Staff. Elbow pain is often caused by overuse. Many sports, hobbies and jobs require repetitive hand, wrist or arm movements. Elbow pain may occasionally be due to arthritis, but in general, your elbow joint is much less prone to wear-and-tear damage than are many other joints.
Fracture Treatment
The initial management of fractures consists of realignment of the broken limb segment (if grossly deformed) and then immobilizing the fractured extremity in a splint. The distal neurologic and vascular status must be clinically assessed and documented before and after realignment and splinting.Mar 31, 2022
Frozen Shoulder Treatment
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by stiffness and pain in your shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin gradually, worsen over time and then resolve, usually within one to three years.
Ganglion Cyst Removal
Ganglion cyst removal is usually an outpatient procedure and may be performed under local or general anesthesia. Before surgery, your doctor may draw a line above the cyst to mark the incision location. During the surgery, your doctor numbs the treatment area and cuts along the line with a scalpel.
Hip Cartilage Damage Treatment
The commonly performed surgical procedures include arthroscopic lavage and debridement, marrow stimulation, mosaicplasty, allograft osteochondral transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation.
Hip Fracture Surgery
A hip fracture can be repaired with the help of metal screws, plates and rods. In some cases, artificial replacements (prostheses) of parts of the hip joint may be necessary. Treatment for hip fracture usually involves a combination of surgery, rehabilitation and medication.
Hip Pain Treatment
Hip pain is the general term for pain felt in or around the hip joint. It isn't always felt in the hip itself but may instead be felt in the groin or thigh.
Hip Replacement
A hip replacement is a common type of surgery where a damaged hip joint is replaced with an artificial one (known as an implant). Adults of any age can be considered for a hip replacement, although most are done on people between the ages of 60 and 80.
Hip Surgery
Hip replacement, also called hip arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to address hip pain. The surgery replaces parts of the hip joint with artificial implants.
Jumper's Knee Treatment
Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendonitis, is a condition characterized by inflammation of your patellar tendon. This connects your kneecap (patella) to your shin bone (tibia). Jumper's knee weakens your tendon, and, if untreated, can lead to tears in your tendon.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Treatment
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a form of arthritis in children. Arthritis causes joint swelling (inflammation) and joint stiffness. JIA is arthritis that affects one or more joints for at least 6 weeks in a child age 16 or younger.
Knee Arthroplasty
Knee replacement surgery (arthroplasty) is a common operation that involves replacing a damaged, worn or diseased knee with an artificial joint. Adults of any age can be considered for a knee replacement, although most are carried out on people between the ages of 60 and 80.
Knee Ligament Surgery (ACL)
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of the key ligaments that help stabilize your knee joint. The ACL connects your thighbone (femur) to your shinbone (tibia). It's most commonly torn during sports that involve sudden stops and changes in direction — such as basketball, soccer, tennis and volleyball.
Knee Ligament Surgery (MCL)
An MCL tear is damage to the medial collateral ligament, which is a major ligament that's located on the inner side of your knee. The tear can be partial (some fibers in the ligament are torn) or complete (the ligament is torn into two pieces).
Knee Replacement
Knee replacement, also called knee arthroplasty or total knee replacement, is a surgical procedure to resurface a knee damaged by arthritis. Metal and plastic parts are used to cap the ends of the bones that form the knee joint, along with the kneecap.
Knee Sprain Treatment
A knee sprain refers to torn or overstretched ligaments, the tissues that hold bones together. If you have a sprained knee, the structures within the knee joint that connect the thigh bone to the shin bone have been injured. A knee sprain is painful and can create other problems over time, including arthritis.
Kneecap Stabilization
Patella stabilisation surgery also known as patella realignment is a surgical procedure to stabilise and realign the patella following subluxation, dislocation and subsequent misalignment of the knee cap during movements.
Meniscus Surgery
Meniscus surgery is a common operation to remove or repair a torn meniscus, a piece of cartilage in the knee. The surgery requires a few small incisions and takes about an hour. Recovery and rehabilitation take a few weeks.
Metatarsal Phalangeal Joint Replacement
The metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP) is located in the forefoot where the metatarsal and phalanx bones meet. Synovitis is a swelling of the joint lining. MTP synovitis is a common disorder caused by excessive stress on that joint, usually exacerbated by activity.
MPFL (Medial Patellofemoral Ligament) Surgery
MPFL reconstruction is a surgery in which a new medial patellofemoral ligament is created to stabilize the knee and help protect the joint from additional damage. (Find a surgeon who performs MPFL reconstruction.) It offers an excellent treatment option for people who have experienced more than one dislocation.
Muscle Reconstruction
Flap surgery involves transporting healthy, live tissue from one location of the body to another - often to areas that have lost skin, fat, muscle movement, and/or skeletal support.
Orthopedics Consultation
Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that focuses on the care of the musculoskeletal system. This system is made up of muscles and bones, as well as joints, ligaments, and tendons. A person who specializes in orthopedics is known as an orthopedist.
Osteoarthritis Consultation
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of people worldwide. It occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones wears down over time. Although osteoarthritis can damage any joint, the disorder most commonly affects joints in your hands, knees, hips and spine.
Osteochondritis Dissecans Treatment
Osteochondritis dissecans (os-tee-o-kon-DRY-tis DIS-uh-kanz) is a joint condition in which bone underneath the cartilage of a joint dies due to lack of blood flow. This bone and cartilage can then break loose, causing pain and possibly hindering joint motion.
Osteomyelitis Treatment
Osteomyelitis is an infection in a bone. Infections can reach a bone by traveling through the bloodstream or spreading from nearby tissue. Infections can also begin in the bone itself if an injury exposes the bone to germs.
Osteoporosis Treatment
Osteoporosis is a disease that weakens bones to the point where they break easily—most often, bones in the hip, backbone (spine), and wrist. Osteoporosis is called a “silent disease” because you may not notice any changes until a bone breaks. All the while, though, your bones had been losing strength for many years.
Osteotomy
An osteotomy is any surgery that cuts and reshapes your bones. You may need this type of procedure to repair a damaged joint. It's also used to shorten or lengthen a deformed bone that doesn't line up with a joint like it should. You don't need to be very sick or old to have an osteotomy.
Patellar Dislocation Treatment
A patellar dislocation is a knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis.
Pes Anserine Bursitis Treatment
Pes anserine bursitis is an inflammation of the bursa located between the shinbone (tibia) and three tendons of the hamstring muscle at the inside of the knee. It occurs when the bursa becomes irritated and produces too much fluid, which causes it to swell and put pressure on the adjacent parts of the knee.
Plantar Fasciitis Treatment
Plantar fasciitis is the inflammation of the plantar fascia, tissue in the foot used during walking and foot movement. Plantar fasciitis can be caused by a number of factors, including type of shoes, foot structure, overuse and types of walking surfaces.
Rickets Treatment
Rickets is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities. Adults can experience a similar condition, which is known as osteomalacia or soft bones. Read more about the signs and symptoms of rickets and osteomalacia.
Scaphoid Fracture Treatment
A scaphoid (navicular) fracture is a break in one of the small bones of the wrist. This type of fracture occurs most often after a fall onto an outstretched hand. Symptoms of a scaphoid fracture typically include pain and tenderness in the area just below the base of the thumb.
Sciatica Treatment
Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of your body.
Shoulder Arthroplasty
Shoulder replacement removes damaged areas of bone and replaces them with parts made of metal and plastic (implants). This surgery is called shoulder arthroplasty (ARTH-row-plas-tee). The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint.
Shoulder Arthroscopy
Shoulder arthroscopy is surgery that uses a tiny camera called an arthroscope to examine or repair the tissues inside or around your shoulder joint.
Shoulder Tendon Reconstruction
Shoulder reconstruction is a surgical procedure performed in patients with shoulder instability to improve stability, restore the function and prevent recurrent dislocations of the shoulder joint.
Snapping Hip Treatment
Snapping hip is a condition in which you feel a snapping sensation or hear a popping sound in your hip when you walk, get up from a chair, or swing your leg around. The snapping sensation occurs when a muscle or tendon (the strong tissue that connects muscle to bone) moves over a bony protrusion in your hip.
Tendon Repair
Tendon repair is a type of surgery to fix damaged or torn tendons. Movement can be extremely limited when tendons are torn or damaged. The affected area may feel weak and cause constant pain.
Tennis or Golfer's Elbow Treatment
The pain of golfer's elbow occurs primarily where the tendons of the forearm muscles attach to the bony bump on the inside of the elbow (medial epicondyle). By contrast, the pain of tennis elbow usually occurs at the bony bump on the outside of the elbow (lateral epicondyle).
Toe Implant
A number of different toe implants are available to treat osteoarthritis. Some implants are synthetic cartilage used to replace the damaged surface of the cartilage at the base of the big toe. These implants have the same look and feel as natural cartilage.
Toe Joint Replacement
A first MTP joint replacement treats arthritis of the big toe. The bone on either side of the joint is partially removed and replaced with metal, plastic, or a combination of both. First MTP joint replacement can lessen pain and retain motion.
Treatment for Achilles Tendinitis
Achilles tendinitis is an overuse injury of the Achilles tendon, the band of tissue that connects calf muscles at the back of the lower leg to your heel bone. Achilles tendinitis most commonly occurs in runners who have suddenly increased the intensity or duration of their runs.
Treatment for Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease is a condition that causes pain and swelling below the knee joint, where the patellar tendon attaches to the top of the shinbone (tibia), a spot called the tibial tuberosity. There may also be inflammation of the patellar tendon, which stretches over the kneecap.
Trochleoplasty
A trochleoplasty is a surgical correction of the femoral trochlea to restore a normal or nearly normal entry of the patella into the trochlear groove during extension and flexion. Some general prerequisites are necessary to performing this procedure successfully.
Ulnar Nerve Decompression
Ulnar nerve decompression is surgical procedure designed to explore the region around the elbow through which the ulnar nerve passes. The ulnar nerve is responsible for the “funny bone” phenomenon when you hit your elbow.
Wrist Arthroscopy
Wrist arthroscopy is surgery that uses a tiny camera and surgical tools to examine or repair the tissues inside or around your wrist. The camera is called an arthroscope. The procedure allows the doctor to detect problems and make repairs to the wrist without making larger cuts in the skin and tissue.
Wrist Instability Treatment
Dislocations occur when a large force, usually hyperextension, pushes the bone out of its normal joint position. Wrist instability occurs when one or more of the wrist ligaments have lost integrity, are lax, or damaged. This alters the normal wrist mechanics of the carpal bones and hence affects your hand function.
Acromioclavicular Joint Repair
Through this procedure, a significant separation damage to the AC joint in your shoulder will be repaired. This is the point at which your clavicle connects to your scapula. In the case of a serious separation injury, the ligaments that normally hold these bones together get severed.
Abscess Debridement
It requires completely washing the wound and removing any thickened skin or callus, infected, and nonviable (necrotic or dead) tissue, debris, and leftover material from dressings. The wound must also be properly cleaned.
Avascular Necrosis (AVN) Treatment
Avascular necrosis is when bone cells die because they don't get enough blood. It can cause tiny cracks in the bone and make the bone fall apart. If a bone is broken or a joint is out of place, blood can't get to that part of the bone.
Ankle Surgery
In an ankle replacement, the surgeon cuts off the ends of the broken bones and replaces them with a plastic-and-metal joint. In this operation, the surgeon cuts off the ends of the broken bones and puts a new joint made of plastic and metal on them.
Ankle Arthroscopy
Foot and ankle surgery is a sub-specialty of orthopedics and podiatry that focuses on the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of illnesses that affect the foot and ankle. Foot and ankle surgery is also known as foot and ankle orthopaedics.
Ankle Replacement
Your doctor will cut into your ankle to get to the damaged joint. Next, your doctor will cut out the broken parts of your tibia and talus bones. Your surgeon will attach metal replacement joints to the left bone surfaces and put a piece of plastic in between them.
Ankle Fusion Surgery
Ankle fusion is a surgery that joins together two or more ankle bones. This makes the pain and swelling go away. Your doctor will cut into your ankle so he or she can work on the joint. Then, your doctor will press the bones together and use plates, nails, screws, or other hardware to hold them together.
Ankle Fracture Treatment
A broken bone needs to be kept from moving so it can heal. Most of the time, this needs a special shoe or a cast. An orthopedic surgeon may need to use pins, plates, or screws to keep your bones in the right place while they heal.
Achilles Tendon Rupture
If your Achilles tendon were to rupture, you would probably hear a pop, and then you would feel an acute, searing pain in the back of your ankle and lower leg. This agony would certainly interfere with your ability to walk in a normal manner. In order to heal the rupture, surgery is often required. However, nonsurgical therapy is effective for many patients in the same manner as surgical treatment.
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI)
Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (ACI) is a method in which cells from the articular cartilage are taken, multiplied in a lab to make more cells, and then put back into the damaged part of the knee using a special surgical technique.
Artificial Limb Services
The Artificial Limb & Appliance Service (ALAS) is an NHS Wales organisation providing support, equipment and rehabilitation to people with permanent or long-term impairment. It is commissioned by Health Commission Wales (an executive agency of the Welsh Assembly Government), and is provided through a consortium arrangement between three NHS Wales trusts, each hosting one centre (ALAC).
Benign Bone Tumor Removal
Bone tumors that are not malignant are referred to as benign bone tumors. It's possible that these tumors may produce agony that will only become worse with time. It is possible that some benign bone cancers need therapy in order to be stopped from eroding bone.
Pathology 2 Services
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Bone marrow examination refers to the pathologic analysis of samples of bone marrow obtained by bone marrow biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Bone marrow examination is used in the diagnosis of a number of conditions, including leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, anemia, and pancytopenia.
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB, FNA or NAB)
Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB, FNA or NAB), or fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), is a diagnostic procedure used to investigate superficial (just under the skin) lumps or masses.
Pediatrics 2 Services
Pediatric Surgery Consultation
Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
Pediatrics Consultation
A branch of medicine dealing with the development, care, and diseases of infants, children, and adolescents.
Psychiatry 1 Services
Psychiatry Consultation
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can diagnose and treat a wide range of mental illnesses. These can include depression, eating disorders, insomnia, and bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists also treat particular symptoms, such as anxiety or suicidal thoughts.
Psychology 1 Services
Psychological Therapy
Psychotherapy (also psychological therapy or talking therapy) is the use of psychological methods, particularly when based on regular personal interaction, to help a person change behavior, increase happiness, and overcome problems.
Radiology 26 Services
Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD)
Bone density scanning, also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bone densitometry, is an enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss. DXA is today's established standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD).
Breast Imaging
The most commonly used breast imaging tests at this time are mammograms, ultrasound, and breast MRI. Other tests, such as CT scans, bone scans, or PET scans might sometimes be done to help find out if breast cancer has spread. Newer types of tests are now being developed for breast imaging.
Cerebral Angiogram
Cerebral angiography is a diagnostic test that uses an X-ray. It produces a cerebral angiogram, or an image that can help your doctor find blockages or other abnormalities in the blood vessels of your head and neck. Blockages or abnormalities can lead to a stroke or bleeding in the brain.
Chest X-Ray
Chest X-rays produce images of your heart, lungs, blood vessels, airways, and the bones of your chest and spine. Chest X-rays can also reveal fluid in or around your lungs or air surrounding a lung.
Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
Cone beam computed tomography is a medical imaging technique consisting of X-ray computed tomography where the X-rays are divergent, forming a cone. CBCT has become increasingly important in treatment planning and diagnosis in implant dentistry, ENT, orthopedics, and interventional radiology, among other things.
CT Angiogram (Computed Tomography Angiogram)
CT angiography is a type of medical test that combines a CT scan with an injection of a special dye to produce pictures of blood vessels and tissues in a part of your body. The dye is injected through an intravenous (IV) line started in your arm or hand.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
A CT scan or computed tomography scan is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to obtain detailed internal images of the body noninvasively for diagnostic purposes. The personnel that perform CT scans are called radiographers or radiology technologists.
Diagnostic Imaging Consultation
In a diagnostic radiology consultation, the radiologist will be presented with all the information regarding the patient's condition, particularly the symptoms being experienced. The radiologist will then recommend the most appropriate imaging scans in order to come up with an accurate diagnosis.
Fluoroscopy
Fluoroscopy is a medical procedure that makes a real-time video of the movements inside a part of the body by passing x-rays through the body over a period of time. X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation.
Full Body CT Scan
The Total Body CT scan analyzes three major areas of the body: the lungs, the heart, and the abdomen/pelvis. The lung CT can detect early, potentially malignant nodules. In the heart, the scan can detect aortic aneurysms and calcium deposits within plaque in the coronary arteries.
Full Body MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography)
MRA stands for Magnetic Resonance Angiogram or MR Angiography. Your doctor may ask you to get one in order to look for and treat problems with your blood vessels. The test can check the blood vessels in many different parts of your body: Brain or neck.
Full Body PET CT Scan
A PET-CT scan is a nuclear medicine imaging test used commonly to detect a range of cancers, heart diseases, neurological conditions, infections and PUO (Pyrexia of Unknown Origin). Radioactive glucose is injected and then taken up by tissues, which are in fasting state in your body.
Full Body Ultrasound Scan
An ultrasound scan, sometimes called a sonogram, is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of part of the inside of the body. An ultrasound scan can be used to monitor an unborn baby, diagnose a condition, or guide a surgeon during certain procedures.
Head Ultrasound
A head ultrasound uses sound waves to make images of the brain. An ultrasound machine sends sound waves into the head and images are recorded on a computer. The black-and-white images show the internal structure of the brain, including the ventricles (the fluid-filled cavities in the brain) and the blood vessels.
Mammography
Mammography (also called mastography) is the process of using low-energy X-rays (usually around 30 kVp) to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through detection of characteristic masses or microcalcifications.
MRI Scan (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
Nuclear Scans
A nuclear medicine scan uses small amounts of radiation to create pictures of tissues, bones, and organs inside the body. The radioactive material collects in certain areas of your body, and special cameras find the radiation and make images that help your medical team diagnose and treat cancer and other illnesses.
Pelvic Ultrasound
A pelvic ultrasound is a noninvasive diagnostic exam that produces images that are used to assess organs and structures within the female pelvis. A pelvic ultrasound allows quick visualization of the female pelvic organs and structures including the uterus, cervix, vagina, fallopian tubes and ovaries.
PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs. The PET scan uses a radioactive drug (tracer) to show both normal and abnormal metabolic activity.
Radionuclide Scans
Radionuclide scanning is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease. A small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein or swallowed. Different radionuclides travel through the blood to different organs.
Renal Angiogram
A renal angiogram is an imaging test to look at the blood vessels in your kidneys. Your healthcare provider can use it to look at the ballooning of a blood vessel (aneurysm), narrowing of a blood vessel (stenosis), or blockages in a blood vessel. He or she can also see how well blood is flowing to your kidneys.
Stereotactic Breast Biopsy
Stereotactic breast biopsy uses mammography – a specific type of breast imaging that uses low-dose x-rays — to help locate a breast abnormality and remove a tissue sample for examination under a microscope.
Thyroid Ultrasound
Thyroid ultrasound is a sound wave picture of the thyroid gland taken by a hand-held instrument and translated to a 2-dimensional picture on a monitor. It is used in diagnosis of tumors, cysts or goiters of the thyroid, and is a painless, no-risk procedure.
Ultrasound Scan
An ultrasound scan, sometimes called a sonogram, is a procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of part of the inside of the body. An ultrasound scan can be used to monitor an unborn baby, diagnose a condition, or guide a surgeon during certain procedures.
Vascular Ultrasound
Vascular ultrasound uses sound waves to evaluate the body's circulatory system and help identify blockages in the arteries and veins and detect blood clots.
Abdominal Ultrasound
An ultrasound of the abdomen is a way to look at the organs and tissues inside the abdomen without making any cuts. This is made up of the abdominal aorta and the gallbladder, liver, pancreas, bile ducts, and spleen. When ultrasound technology is used, the organs and structures inside the abdomen can be quickly seen from the outside of the body.
Traumatology 1 Services
Traumatology Consultation
Traumatology is the study of wounds and injuries caused by accidents or violence to a person, and the surgical therapy and repair of the damage.
Sleep Medicine 6 Services
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.
Cognitive behavioral therapy is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders.
Home Sleep Apnea Test
A home sleep apnea test is a very simplified breathing monitor that tracks your breathing, oxygen levels, and breathing effort while worn. It does not fully capture what is monitored with an overnight sleep study. Overnight sleep studies give a more thorough assessment of sleep issues.
Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulation Therapy Evaluation.
Importance Hypoglossal nerve stimulation is a treatment option for patients with obstructive sleep apnea unable to tolerate continuous positive airway pressure. This study evaluates demographic factors that may be associated with greater improvements in postoperative outcomes of interest.
Non-invasive Ventilation.
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the delivery of oxygen (ventilation support) via a face mask and therefore eliminating the need of an endotracheal airway. NIV achieves comparative physiological benefits to conventional mechanical ventilation by reducing the work of breathing and improving gas exchange.
Polysomnography (sleep study)
Polysomnography, also called a sleep study, is a comprehensive test used to diagnose sleep disorders. Polysomnography records your brain waves, the oxygen level in your blood, heart rate and breathing, as well as eye and leg movements during the study.
Actigraphy
Actigraphy is a kind of wearable sleep test that monitors your movements throughout the night to determine when you are sleeping and when you are awake. This gadget may assist physicians in diagnosing certain sleep disorders and monitoring the course of therapy in patients who have previously been given a diagnosis of a sleep disorder.
Intensive Care Medicine 6 Services
Coronary care and cardiothoracic units (CCUs/CTUs)
A coronary care unit (CCU) or cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) is a hospital ward specialized in the care of patients with heart attacks, unstable angina, cardiac dysrhythmia and (in practice) various other cardiac conditions that require continuous monitoring and treatment.
Long term intensive care units (LTAC ICUs)
A long-term acute care (LTAC) facility is a specialty-care hospital designed for patients with serious medical problems that require intense, special treatment for an extended period of time—usually 20 to 30 days.
Medical intensive care units (MICUs)
A MICU is a location in the hospital where critically ill patients receive care. As a medical ICU, we care for patients with a variety of conditions, many of them life-threatening.
Neonatal intensive care units (NICUs)
NICU stands for newborn intensive care unit. This is a nursery in a hospital that provides around-the-clock care to sick or premature babies. It has health care providers who have special training and equipment to give your baby the best possible care.
Pediatric intensive care units (PICUs)
A pediatric intensive care unit (also paediatric), usually abbreviated to PICU (/ˈpɪkjuː/), is an area within a hospital specializing in the care of critically ill infants, children, teenagers, and young adults aged 0-21.
Surgical intensive care units (SICUs)
The Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) is the multispecialty medical care center for critically ill patients who require surgery or are recovering from surgery.
Urology 32 Services
Bladder Neck Incision (BNI)
A bladder neck incision (B.N.I.) and a urethrotomy, are operations for men who have a decreased urinary stream and problems passing urine because of a bladder neck stenosis or a urethral stricture.
Bladder Stone Removal
Open cystostomy. An open cystostomy is often used to remove bladder stones in men with a very large prostate, or if the stone itself is very large. It's a similar procedure to percutaneous suprapubic cystolitholapaxy, except the surgeon makes a much larger cut in the abdomen and bladder.
Circumcision
Circumcision is the surgical removal of the skin covering the tip of the penis. The procedure is fairly common for newborn boys in certain parts of the world, including the United States. Circumcision after the newborn period is possible, but it's a more complex procedure.
Cystectomy
Cystectomy (sis-TEK-tuh-me) is a surgery to remove the urinary bladder. In men, removing the entire bladder (radical cystectomy) typically includes removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles. In women, radical cystectomy also involves removal of the uterus, ovaries and part of the vagina.
Cystoscopy
A cystoscopy is a procedure to look inside the bladder using a thin camera called a cystoscope. A cystoscope is inserted into the urethra (the tube that carries pee out of the body) and passed into the bladder to allow a doctor or nurse to see inside.
Epididymal Cyst Removal
Vestibular rehabilitation is an exercise-based program, designed by a specialty-trained vestibular physical therapist, to improve balance and reduce problems related to dizziness.
Erectile Dysfunction Treatment
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough to have sexual intercourse. It's sometimes referred to as impotence, although this term is now used less often. Occasional ED isn't uncommon. Many people experience it during times of stress.
Hydrocele Testis Treatment
A hydrocele is an accumulation of serous fluid in a body cavity. A hydrocele testis is the accumulation of fluids around a testicle. It is often caused by peritoneum wrapped around the testicle, called the tunica vaginalis. Provided there is no hernia present, it goes away without treatment in the first year.
Hypospadias Treatment
Hypospadias is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is not located at the tip of the penis. In boys with hypospadias, the urethra forms abnormally during weeks 8–14 of pregnancy. The abnormal opening can form anywhere from just below the end of the penis to the scrotum.
IVU (Intravenous Urography)
An intravenous urogram (IVU) is a test that looks at the whole of your urinary system. It's sometimes called an intravenous pyelogram (IVP). It looks at the: kidneys.
Kidney Stones Treatment
Kidney stones form in your kidneys. As stones move into your ureters — the thin tubes that allow urine to pass from your kidneys to your bladder — signs and symptoms can result. Signs and symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and blood in your urine.
Laser Treatment for BPH (Enlarged Prostate)
Holmium laser prostate surgery is a minimally invasive treatment for an enlarged prostate. Also called holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HOLEP), the procedure uses a laser to remove tissue that is blocking urine flow through the prostate.
Prostate Ultrasound
A prostate ultrasound, sometimes called prostate sonography, is a test that produces black-and-white images of your prostate by bouncing sound waves off your body's tissues. This test is used to examine your prostate for the presence of any abnormalities, cancer, or other prostate-related conditions.
Pyeloplasty
Pyeloplasty is surgery to correct a condition called ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction. “Pyelo” refers to the kidney (renal pelvis). “Plasty” is the term for a surgical procedure that repairs, restores or replaces something.
Reverse Vasectomy
Vasectomy reversal is surgery to undo a vasectomy. During the procedure, a surgeon reconnects each tube (vas deferens) that carries sperm from a testicle into the semen. After a successful vasectomy reversal, sperm are again present in the semen, and you may be able to get your partner pregnant.
Simple Orchiectomy
In a simple orchiectomy, the testicle and just a short segment of the spermatic cord are removed, typically through an incision in the scrotal wall. Simple orchiectomies are performed for reasons of severe infection or chronic pain. Both testicles can be removed to temporarily help in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Spermatic Cord Hydrocole Treatment
Spermatic cord hydrocele is a collection of fluid along the spermatic cord that lies superior to the testicle and does not communicate with the scrotal sac. It is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from abnormal closure of the processus vaginalis.
Testicular Biopsy
Testicular biopsy is a procedure in which a small portion of testicle is removed for examination. The biopsy is performed by creating a small incision in the skin of the scrotum. A small piece of the testicle tissue is removed through the incision by snipping the sample off with small scissors.
Testicular Tumor Removal
Cancer that forms in tissues of one or both testicles. Testicular cancer is most common in young or middle-aged men. Most testicular cancers begin in germ cells (cells that make sperm) and are called testicular germ cell tumors.
Ureteral Catheter Removal
A ureteral catheter acts as a counter brace that facilitates transmission of arterial pulsations into the ureteral wall.
Ureteral Stent Placement
Ureteral stent placement is a surgery to place a soft plastic tube in the ureter. The ureters are long tubes from the kidneys to the bladder. It carries urine out of the kidney into the bladder.
Ureteral Stone Removal
Ureteral stones are kidney stones that have become stuck in one or both ureters (the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder). If the stone is large enough, it can block the flow of urine from the kidney to the bladder. This blockage can cause severe pain.
Ureteroplasty
Urethroplasty is surgery performed on your urethra, a part of your urinary system. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from your urinary bladder to the outside of your body. In men, the urethra also carries semen outside of their bodies.
Ureteroscopy
Ureteroscopy is a procedure to address kidney stones, and involves the passage of a small telescope, called a ureteroscope, through the urethra and bladder and up the ureter to the point where the stone is located.
Urethral Surgery
Ureteral surgeries are procedures that fix problems with the flow of urine between the ureter (the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder) and the kidney.
Urinalysis
A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. A urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration and content of urine.
Urinary Incontinence Treatment
Urinary incontinence means a person leaks urine by accident. While it can happen to anyone, urinary incontinence, also known as overactive bladder, is more common in older people, especially women. Bladder control issues can be embarrassing and cause people to avoid their normal activities.
Uroflow (Urine Flow Rate Test)
A urine flow test calculates the speed of urine flow over time. It may be used to check how the bladder and sphincter are working. The bladder is part of the urinary tract. It's a hollow muscular organ that relaxes and expands to store urine.
Urology Consultation
Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). It also deals with the male organs that are able to make babies (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate, etc.).
Urology Ultrasound
Urology is a part of health care that deals with diseases of the male and female urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra). It also deals with the male organs that are able to make babies (penis, testes, scrotum, prostate, etc.).
Varicocelectomy
Varicocelectomy is a surgery that removes swollen veins inside the scrotum, called varicoceles. There aren't any medications that treat or get rid of varicoceles, so your doctor may recommend surgery to remove them.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) Treatment
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is when pee moves backward from the bladder to the kidneys. Normally, pee flows from the kidneys down to the bladder. Kids with mild cases of VUR often don't need treatment. Those with more serious symptoms might need to take antibiotics to prevent infection.
Immunology 1 Services
Immunology Consultation
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through various lines of defence. If the immune system is not functioning as it should, it can result in disease, such as autoimmunity, allergy and cancer.
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